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With the development of big data (BD) and Internet of things technology, college students, as an important talent resource in national construction, pay attention to their autonomous learning behavior. Based on the theory of BD and Internet of things, this paper studies the influencing factors of college students’ autonomous learning (CSAL) behavior. First, it introduces the definition, characteristics and existing problems of CSAL behavior, expounds the influencing factors of CSAL behavior, studies the application of BD and the Internet of things, and understands the situation of CSAL through questionnaires and interviews. Finally, the survey shows that more than half of the students surveyed believe that learning is to acquire skills so as to find better jobs and better material life in the future. On average, 25% of students graduate from university through study. On average, 18% of students have strong interest in their research field and hope to obtain professional skills and give full play to their talents. On average, 6% of students study to see their value. Freshmen are basically not absent from school, while the number of sophomores, juniors and seniors has reached 15% of the number of undergraduates. The situation will be more serious in class. The survey results show that 45% of undergraduate students have been absent from class, of which 30% are occasional absenteeism and the rest are frequent absenteeism, which accounts for 14% of the total number. Among the graduate students, 7.3% of the students have been absent from class, of which 6% are occasional absenteeism and the rest are frequent absenteeism, reaching 1.3% of the total. The main learning methods used by junior students are classroom notes and textbooks. With the improvement of grade, the proportion of students learning multimedia and online learning is higher and higher. These students’ learning strategies have changed from traditional learning to today’s autonomous learning. They have found their own solutions in the learning process, and their learning strategies have undergone qualitative changes. Whether undergraduate or graduate students, more than 50% of students prefer their own major when they study independently.