Active host-pathogen interactions take place during infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Outcomes of these interactions determine the efficiency of viral infection and subsequent disease progression. HIVinfected cells respond to viral invasion with various defensive strategies such as innate, cellular and humoral immune antiviral mechanisms. On the other hand, the virus has also developed various offensive tactics to suppress these host cellular responses. Among many of the viral offensive strategies, HIV-1 viral auxiliary proteins (Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu) play important roles in the host-pathogen interaction and thus have significant impacts on the outcome of HIV infection. One of the best examples is the interaction of Vif with a host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G. Although specific roles of other auxiliary proteins are not as well described as Vif-APOBEC3G interaction, it is the goal of this brief review to summarize some of the preliminary findings with the hope to stimulate further discussion and investigation in this exhilarating area of research.
In this paper, with the aid of energy consumption simulation software DeST-h, the annual air conditioning energy consumption of a typical residential building in Guangzhou was simulated to study the impact of window-wall ratio on the energy consumption under two different operation modes: natural and mechanical. It was revealed that increasing of south window-wall ratio, building energy consumption is increased under all mechanical mode, but reduces under nature priority mode.
This paper proposes a direct three-dimensional (3D) numerical method in time domain for seismic soil-structure interaction (SSI) analysis of spatial grid structure. First, a finite element model including soil, foundation and typical spatial grid structure is developed. Then, the precisions of equivalent viscous-spring artificial boundary element (VSABE) and size effect of site soil region are discussed. Finally, under different site types, time history analyses for models with or without considering SSI effect are implemented respectively under horizontal seismic excitation. The results show that VSABE has the same precision as infinite element boundary and plane size of truncated soil region can be five times of structure plane size for SSI analysis of spatial grid structure. Moreover, except for hard site, it is shown that horizontal acceleration and displacement of spatial grid roof increases substantially when SSI effect is considered. Therefore, it is suggested that SSI influence should be taken into account in engineering design of spatial grid structure.
In this paper, it reveals that the ventilation using patterns can do much to the energy consumption for air-conditioning. In the simulation, it models the person behavior with their action for regulating indoor thermal environment by opening the window for natural ventilation, and compares the influence by ventilation in different patterns to the air conditioning energy consumption. The results show that in the pattern priority for using the natural wind it is helpful for reducing the energy consumption.
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