Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions

Li, Lin; Li, Hai Shan; Pauza, C. David; Bukrinsky, Michael; Zhao, Yuqi

doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290370

Cited by 71 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…The interpretation of protective immune correlates against HIV-1 acquisition in trial participants as well as nonhuman primates is complicated because of several factors, such as host genetics (35,36), differences in innate and adaptive immunity (37,38), and a variety of possible protein targets for antiviral immune responses (39). Here, we designed a selection strategy that only differentiates between vaccine-induced Abs with a link to protection and Abs without such a link.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Biopanning Strategy To Identify Epitopes Associated with Vaccine Protection

Bachler

Humbert

Palikuqi

et al. 2013

J Virol

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cIdentifying immune correlates of protection is important to develop vaccines against infectious diseases. We designed a novel, universally applicable strategy to profile the antibody (Ab) repertoire of protected vaccine recipients, using recombinant phages encoding random peptide libraries. The new approach, termed "protection-linked (PL) biopanning," probes the Ab paratopes of protected vaccinees versus those with vaccine failure. As proof of concept, we screened plasma samples from vaccinated rhesus macaques (RMs) that had completely resisted multiple mucosal challenges with R5-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs). The animals had been immunized with a multicomponent vaccine (multimeric HIV-1 gp160, HIV-1 Tat, and SIV Gag-Pol particles). After PL biopanning, we analyzed the phagotopes selected for amino acid homologies; in addition to the expected Env mimotopes, one recurring motif reflected the neutralizing Ab epitope at the N terminus (NT) of HIV-1 Tat. Subsequent binding and functional assays indicated that anti-Tat NT Abs were present only in completely or partially protected RMs; peak viremia of the latter was inversely correlated with anti-Tat NT Ab titers. In contrast, highly viremic, unvaccinated controls did not develop detectable Abs against the same epitope. Based upon the protective effect observed in vivo, we suggest that Tat should be included in multicomponent HIV-1 vaccines. Our data highlight the power of the new PL-biopanning strategy to identify Ab responses with significant association to vaccine protection, regardless of the mechanism(s) or targets of the protective Abs. PL biopanning is also unbiased with regard to pathogens or disease model, making it a universal tool.T he design of a safe, effective vaccine is desirable to control the AIDS pandemic. In order to improve future vaccine candidates, it is important to understand the protective mechanism(s) leading to reduced virus acquisition (1). Thus, correlates of infection risk for the recent RV144 vaccine efficacy trial (2) are the subject of intense study (3,4). However, additional information can be gained by dissecting immune responses in biologically relevant animal models where immunization induced complete protection from immunodeficiency virus challenge(s) (5, 6).Recent results of active (7,8) and passive (9) immunization trials in humans and in nonhuman primates suggested that antihuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env antibodies (Abs) can have protective roles even in the absence of virus neutralization, implying that other Ab-mediated mechanisms may be involved in preventing mucosal virus acquisition. Thus, the ability to profile Ab epitopes associated with protection might help to identify potential targets for future HIV-1 vaccines.Random peptide phage display has been used to dissect Ab responses in the context of primate immunodeficiency virus infections, and several studies have identified HIV-1 or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-specific peptides (10-14). We developed a novel epitope...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Biopanning Strategy To Identify Epitopes Associated with Vaccine Protection

Bachler

Humbert

Palikuqi

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…It is expressed early in HIV infection where it binds a stable RNA hair pin structure (the Tat activation region) at the 5Ј end of HIV RNA. It recruits host transcription protein complexes to activate viral replication (29). In addition, the Tat protein modulates host cellular mechanisms thereby contributing to immune system malfunction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-10 Regulation by HIV-Tat in Primary Human Monocytic Cells: Involvement of Calmodulin/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase-Activated p38 MAPK and Sp-1 and CREB-1 Transcription Factors

Gee

Angel

Mishra

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

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The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 plays an important role in HIV immunopathogenesis. The HIV accessory protein, Tat is not only critical for viral replication, but affects the host immune system by influencing cytokine production including IL-10. During HIV infection, IL-10 production by monocytic cells is up-regulated, representing a critical pathway by which HIV may induce immunodeficiency. Herein, we show that extracellular Tat-induced IL-10 expression in normal human monocytes. To understand the signaling pathways underlying HIV-Tat induced IL-10 transcription, we investigated the involvement of MAPK as well as calcium signaling and the downstream transcription factor(s). Our results suggest that Tat-induced calcium influx regulated IL-10 transcription in monocytic cells. The experiments designed to further understand the molecules involved in the calcium signaling suggested that calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMK-II)-activated p38 MAPK played a role in extracellular Tat-induced IL-10 expression in primary human monocytes. Furthermore, Tat-induced IL-10 expression was regulated by p38 MAPK- and CaMK II-activated CREB-1 as well as Sp-1 transcription factors. Taken together, our results suggest that extracellular HIV-Tat induced IL-10 transcription in primary human monocytes is regulated by CREB-1 and Sp-1 transcription factors through the activation of calmodulin/CaMK-II-dependent p38 MAPK.

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“…1 B, c). The lethal effect of NS2B is interesting because it encodes a cofactor of viral protease that is required for enhancing enzymatic activity and substrate specificity (68,69). Coexpression of the NS2B-NS3 protease induces cell death and apoptosis in DENV, WNV, and JEV (70)(71)(72).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of cytopathic factors through genome-wide analysis of the Zika viral proteins in fission yeast

Poulsen

Fenyvuesvolgyi

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The Zika virus (ZIKV) causes microcephaly and the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Little is known about how ZIKV causes these conditions or which ZIKV viral protein(s) is responsible for the associated ZIKVinduced cytopathic effects, including cell hypertrophy, growth restriction, cell-cycle dysregulation, and cell death. We used fission yeast for the rapid, global functional analysis of the ZIKV genome. All 14 proteins or small peptides were produced under an inducible promoter, and we measured the intracellular localization and the specific effects on ZIKV-associated cytopathic activities of each protein. The subcellular localization of each ZIKV protein was in overall agreement with its predicted protein structure. Five structural and two nonstructural ZIKV proteins showed various levels of cytopathic effects. The expression of these ZIKV proteins restricted cell proliferation, induced hypertrophy, or triggered cellular oxidative stress leading to cell death. The expression of premembrane protein (prM) resulted in cell-cycle G1 accumulation, whereas membrane-anchored capsid (anaC), membrane protein (M), envelope protein (E), and nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A) caused cell-cycle G2/M accumulation. A mechanistic study revealed that NS4A-induced cellular hypertrophy and growth restriction were mediated specifically through the target of rapamycin (TOR) cellular stress pathway involving Tor1 and type 2A phosphatase activator Tip41. These findings should provide a reference for future research on the prevention and treatment of ZIKV diseases. T he recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak was surprising in its rapidity and alarming in its association with microcephaly in newborns (1-3) and the Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults (4, 5). Currently, little is known about ZIKV pathogenicity. ZIKV infects various neuronal cells and affects brain neurogenesis by reducing cellular proliferation and inducing cell-cycle abnormalities, cell death/apoptosis, and autophagy (2, 3, 6-8). However, it is not known which viral determinant(s) cause these cytopathic effects. The objective of this study was to identify ZIKV factors responsible for the ZIKV-mediated cytopathic effects that underlie the diseases associated with ZIKV.

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Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions

Cited by 71 publications

References 208 publications

Novel Biopanning Strategy To Identify Epitopes Associated with Vaccine Protection

Novel Biopanning Strategy To Identify Epitopes Associated with Vaccine Protection

IL-10 Regulation by HIV-Tat in Primary Human Monocytic Cells: Involvement of Calmodulin/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase-Activated p38 MAPK and Sp-1 and CREB-1 Transcription Factors

Characterization of cytopathic factors through genome-wide analysis of the Zika viral proteins in fission yeast

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