Whereas the NPP and NEP depend largely on an adequate supply of essential plant nutrients (both macro and micro) and available water capacity of the root zone (green water), formation of stable organo-mineral complexes as SOC depends on soil profile characteristics (i.e., depth, horizonation, texture, mineralogical composition, available water capacity, and nutrient reserves) and landscape attributes (i.e., terrain, position, aspect, and drainage). Furthermore, land use (e.g., natural, cropland, grazing land, forest land, urban land, mine land, and wetland) and management (i.e., conservation agriculture [CA], agroforestry, cover cropping, nutrient management, irrigation, crop rotation, farming/cropping system, and
Purpose To investigate the effect of intradialytic resistance exercise on inflammation markers and sarcopenia indices in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with sarcopenia. Methods Forty-one MHD patients with sarcopenia were divided into an intervention group (group E, n = 21) and a control group (group C, n = 20). Group C patients only received routine hemodialysis care, whereas group E patients received progressive intradialytic resistance exercise with high or moderate intensity for 12 weeks at three times per week (using the weight of the lower limbs and elastic ball movement of the upper limb) on the basis of routine hemodialysis care. Results After 12 weeks, a significant difference in physical activity status (maximum grip strength, daily pace, and physical activity level), Kt/V, and C-reactive protein was found between groups E and C. Inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α) increased or decreased more significantly in group E than in group C. Conclusions This study showed that intradialytic resistance exercise can improve physical activity effectively and reduce microinflammatory reactions even if this simple exercise does not affect the muscle mass in MHD patients with sarcopenia.
Active packaging film with functions of moisture-absorbing and antioxidant activity was developed based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) incorporated with green tea extract (GTE). The effects of GTE concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% on the physical, structural, and antioxidant properties of PVA films were investigated. The PVA film containing 2% GTE had lower moisture absorbing efficiency relatively and better antioxidant activity through DPPH radical-scavenging ability experiment. A packaging system of GTE-incorporated PVA films was applied to package dried eel and quality of dried eel was evaluated during storage. The result showed that dried eel packed with GTE-incorporated PVA films showed lower weight change, peroxide value and TBARS value during storage than that packed without PVA films or with PVA films but no GTE. The PVA film containing 2% GTE showed the best quality protective effectiveness to prevent the dried eel from absorbing moisture and oxidizing of lipid. Practical applicationsPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a synthetic polymer that is widely used in packaging applications because of its excellent film forming, biodegradability, good mechanical, and gas barrier properties.The present study evidenced that the PVA films incorporated with GTE showed good quality protective effectiveness to prevent the dried eel packed with these films from absorbing moisture and oxidizing of lipid. This active packaging film could be used as inner layer or intermediate layer in the composite packaging film system to improve the storage quality of moisture-sensitive and high-fat food. Based on this concept, the moisture-absorbing agents and antioxidant can be incorporated into the packaging structures to develop an active multifunctional food packaging material potentially to remove or reduce moisture inside the food packaging system instead of desiccants and preservative added in the food.
Decreasing temporal variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) can avoid its temporary loss, which is positive to SOC accumulation and mitigation of climate change. Thus, this study was designed to analyze the temporal variability of SOC stock during 13‐year tillage practices and its driving factors in rice paddies of Southern China. Four tillage practices were studied: no‐till (zero‐tillage) with residues retained on the soil surface (NTS, conservation tillage), rotary tillage with incorporated residues (RTS), moldboard plow tillage with incorporated residues, or with residues removed. The SOC stock at 0–30 cm soil depth varied widely between 2007 and 2017, partly due to the annual temperature and precipitation variations. The temporal variation of SOC was lower under NTS than other tillage practices (p < .05). This was associated with the lower variation of heavy SOC and mineral associated SOC as well as with lower (p < .05) potential mineralizable carbon under NTS. Despite SOC saturated in all treatments, NTS increased (p < .05) the SOC content by 12.1%–35.3% at 0–5 cm soil depth. Thus, NTS in double rice paddies has been proved to be a promising option to maintain high levels of soil C accumulation with low temporal variability, especially at the upper 0–5 cm depth.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agro-ecosystem have been widely concerned as a hot issue. Tillage methods siGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agro-ecosystem have been widely concerned as a hot issue. Tillage methods significantly affect GHG emissions in the farmland. This study was conducted on double cropping system of winter wheat and summer corn in North China with four treatments (conventional tillage CT, conventional tillage with straw retention CTS, no-tillage with straw retention NTS, rotary tillage with straw retention RTS). In order to study tillage effects on field GHG emissions, CO2, N2O and CH4emissions fluxes were collected. Results showed that soils of each the treatment were net sources of CO2, but RTS and NTS consumed atmospheric CH4, while N2O emission exhibited high annual flux in all the treatments except RTS; soil moisture contents in NTS were maximum (19.3%) and significantly higher compared to the other treatments (at P<0.05 level); CO2emission fluxes (g CO2m-2y-1) were generally in the order of CTS (6460.3) > CT (5568.4) > RTS (5421.2) > NTS (4200.1); integrated evaluation of field greenhouse effect indicated that it was mainly caused by CO2, with CH4and N2O as subsidiary components; total greenhouse effect under different tillage treatments was followed NTS < RTS < CT < CTS in North China Plain.
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