The main focus of this article is to investigate the short- and long-run causal effects of human cost of terror on gross domestic product (GDP), private consumption and private investment in Pakistan by using autoregressive distributed lag techniques. The results confirm the long-run association between the human cost of terror, GDP, private consumption and private investment and suggest that the human cost of terror adversely affects GDP and private investment, and positively influences private consumption in the long run. Furthermore, the results in the study reveal that the human cost of terror negatively affect GDP and private investment and increases private consumption in the short run. The overall findings of the article suggest that the human cost of terror drags the economy down, discourages private investment and distorts the pattern of private consumption in Pakistan.
In the last two decades, China and India emerged as potential contenders for great power status. During this period, both invested in soft power and capitalized on perceptions of their growing power to advance their interests without locking horns with entrenched stakeholders. This study compares the elements of Chinese and Indian soft power strategies and their impact on the international arena. The findings suggest that China's soft power strategy is more coherent than India's. China is doing well in cultural activities, people to people contacts, attracting foreign students from diverse backgrounds, and portraying itself as a progressive resilient economy while India has an upper hand projecting an image of country with a vibrant civil society and democratic order. Despite differences in spending and development, China's and India's strategies have been equally effective in favorably influencing foreign public perceptions.
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