Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and transaminase reactions are some of the mechanisms that can lead to liver dysfunction. A time-dependent study was designed to evaluate the ability of silymarin (SLN) and glycyrrhizin (GLN) in different dosage regimens to lessen oxidative stress in the rats with hepatic injury caused by the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride. Wistar male albino rats (n = 60) were randomly assigned to six groups. Group A served as a positive control while groups B, C, D, E, and F received a dose of CCl4 (50% solution of CCl4 in liquid paraffin, 2 mL/kg, intraperitoneally) twice a week to induce hepatic injury. Additionally, the animals received SLN and GLN in different doses for a period of six weeks. CCl4 was found to induce hepatic injury by significantly increasing serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances while decreasing total protein and the activities of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Treatment with various doses of SLN and GLN significantly reduced ALT, AST, ALP, and TBARS levels and increased GSH, SOD, and CAT levels. Our findings indicated that SLN and GLN have hepatoprotective effects against oxidative stress of the liver.
Introduction: The malignant tumors of torment and life taking pancreatic cancer account for adeno-carcinoma which finds its origin in the exocrine secretions of pancreas. Though a lot many techniques and methodologies are surfacing in the field of medical science but still the overall survival rate is not remarkable. The recommended treatment for local tumor control is the implantation of the I125 radioactive seed (brachytherapy) in the effected organ.
Aim: This systematic review is specifically aimed to compare mammography and ultrasonography in early detection of breast cancer. For this systematic review, major purpose is to compare both screening methods and also analyze the performance of supplemental ultrasonography for early detection of breast cancer. Methodology: For this systematic review, total 23 studies are included which follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic articles from year 2007 to from year 2017 on PUB Med, online Willey library, and Science Direct site were searched by using keywords related to sonographic and mammography imaging for breast cancer. Results: Out of 23 studies, 12 studies are conducted on women with dense breasts. Twenty studies performed their imaging with hand held ultrasound (HHUS). Out of twenty-three studies, sixteen studies followed BI-RADS procedures. In eleven studies that used joint methods, it was observed that mammography (MAM) has 65% whereas ultrasound (US) has 68% efficiency for early detection of breast cancer. 88% area under a cover (AUCs) among MAM and 98% among US imaging was observed. No major difference was found in sensitivity and specificity of both techniques. Conclusion: Study concludes that Ultrasound is more efficient to diagnose factors suggestive of breast cancer that cannot be detected on mammography. It also has the potential to evaluate cancer among dense breast women but unfortunately in some cases, it may cause a high recall rate. Keywords: Breast, Cancer, Mammography, Ultrasonography, Screening.
Proteins are the second most essential macromolecules after nucleic acids. This article aimed at the comparative analysis of extraction methods and nutritional benefits of milk and dairy products. Proteins form the body mass and perform several crucial tasks that include acting as a catalyst and carrying out different metabolic reactions in the body. Furthermore, protein acts as a transporter, transmits nerve impulses, provides mechanical support or immune protection, and controls growth. Several sources of proteins are present, but milk holds an important place due to its biological activities. The considerable health benefits of milk and its products are due to proteins. Yoghurt and cheese have significant importance among milk products. Proteins of milk and its products can be extracted by pH adjustment through homogenisation, centrifugation, and deproteinisation. There are several techniques for identifying and quantifying milk and product proteins. The Kjeldahl and spectrophotometric methods are the most widely used methods for quantifying proteins in milk and its products. Furthermore, these techniques include electrophoresis and chromatographic methods, including native gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), urea-PAGE, capillary electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. A few are chromatographic methods like reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), size exclusion chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Each technique has its advantages as well as disadvantages. The selection of the process depends upon the type of protein. The extracted proteins from milk and its products have many health or therapeutic effects that exhibit antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticancer, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Yoghurt has prime importance among milk products because of its therapeutic effects and more protein.
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