The shortage of conventional feedstuff is one of the rising issues faced by the developing countries of the world. To bridge the gap between supply and demand of the major feedstuff it is desirable to practice the use of nonconventional feed resources. Duckweeds are the aquatic macrophytes growing in stagnant water bodies that offer a choice to be used as an alternate feed. Before the use of any alternate feed, it is vital to know the nutritional composition of the feed under diverse environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of salinity, abiotic stress, on the proximate composition of duckweed (Lemna minor L.). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 repeats. Data was collected on protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral contents. In the laboratory trial plants were grown under the saline condition of different concentrations ranging from 2 g NaCl L À1 to 12 g NaCl L À1 for a growing period of 20 days. The biomasses obtained were tested for proximate composition. ANOVA of the result exhibited a significant effect of salinity on the proximate composition of the plant. Protein residues of the plant started declining above the concentration of 4 g NaCl L À1 until the lowest value was obtained at 12 g NaCl L À1 . Lipid composition showed more sensitivity to the stress with a sharp decline above 2 g NaCl L À1 having a minimum value at 12 g NaCl L À1 . Carbohydrate contents increased with increasing salinity up to 6 g NaCl L À1 above which a decrease was observed. The highest accumulation of the macronutrients i.e., Ca, Mg, took place in the lower range of concentration of the salt. The percentage compositions of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, and Zn percentage were reduced at a higher range of salinity while the optimum level was recorded in plants treated with 2 g NaCl L À1 , followed by control. The total accumulation of both macro and micronutrients was higher in the plant material treated with a lower level of salt concentration, concluding a significant effect of salinity on proximate composition. As for the Indus water salinity level, the plant has the capacity of tolerance and can be grown without affecting its proximate composition.

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Pinus is one of the most economical and ecological important conifers, model specie for studying sequence divergence and molecular phylogeney of gymnosperms. The less availability of information for genome resources enable researchers to conduct evolutionary studies of Pinus species. To improve understanding, we firstly reported, previously released chloroplast genome of 72 Pinus species, the sequence variations, phylogenetic relationships and genome divergence among Pinus species. The results displayed 7 divergent hotspot regions (trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, trnH-GUG, ycf1, trnL-CAA, trnK-UUU and trnV-GAC) in studied Pinus species, which holds potential to utilized as molecular genetic markers for future phylogenetic studies in Pinnus species. In addition, 3 types of repeats (tandem, palindromic and dispersed) were also studied in Pinus species under investigation. The outcome showed P. nelsonii had the highest, 76 numbers of repeats, while P. sabiniana had the lowest, 13 13 numbers of repeats. It was also observed, constructed phylogenetic tree displayed division into two significant diverged clades: single needle (soft pine) and double-needle (hard pine). Theoutcome of present investigation, based on the whole chloroplast genomes provided novel insights into the molecular based phylogeny of the genus Pinus which holds potential for its utilization in future studies focusing genetic diversity in Pinnus species.

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Duckweed (L. minor) belongs to the family of aquatic macrophytes and grows profoundly on the surface of water reservoirs in polluted areas of Pakistan. The plant can be used as a potential alternative for the fish and poultry industry to comply with the promptly growing demand for feed. Our study investigates the effect of varying concentrations (ppm) of nutrients, like nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P) and their combination (NP) on the carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and mineral (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & Zn) contents of the duckweed (L. minor). A substantial effect of varying concentrations of N, P and their combinations was seen on all the above-mentioned parameters. Higher protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents were recorded for 30ppm NP, 20ppm NP, and 10ppm NP, respectively. Minerals contents (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & Zn) increased by 20ppm in the case of phosphorus and all nitrogen concentrations. The combined application of NP was more effective in boosting up the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content whereas less effective in increasing the mineral contents. The NP combinations affected all other parameters except the mineral contents. A decline in the concentration of (N) and (P) showed a negative correlation with the nutritional composition of the plant.

The concept of assertion has been playing a vital role in the linguistic to specify the meaning and nullify the uncertainties from the sentences. The numerous uses of assertion and its tools in Arabic language also played very significant role in interpreting the Qur’ān. Due to this reason rhetoricians and exegetists have much emphasized this phenomenon in their books and exegesis. One of the renowned books written by Abdul Qahir Jurjani is "دلائل الإعجاز" in which he mentioned its importance, principals and components in detail. The aim of this paper is to investigate the methods and stratigeis used by the great Muffasīr Abu Sa'ud, who tried to apply the rhetoric principals in his Tafsīr "إرشاد العقل السليم إلي مزايا القرآن الكريم" more emphasizing the phenomenon of assertion, its components, tools and importance in molding the concepts and meaning of the sentence.