Software defect prediction (SDP) can be used to produce reliable, high-quality software. The current SDP is practiced on program granular components (such as file level, class level, or function level), which cannot accurately predict failures. To solve this problem, we propose a new framework called DP-AGL, which uses attention-based GRU-LSTM for statement-level defect prediction. By using clang to build an abstract syntax tree (AST), we define a set of 32 statement-level metrics. We label each statement, then make a three-dimensional vector and apply it as an automatic learning model, and then use a gated recurrent unit (GRU) with a long short-term memory (LSTM). In addition, the Attention mechanism is used to generate important features and improve accuracy. To verify our experiments, we selected 119,989 C/C++ programs in Code4Bench. The benchmark tests cover various programs and variant sets written by thousands of programmers. As an evaluation standard, compared with the state evaluation method, the recall, precision, accuracy and F1 measurement of our well-trained DP-AGL under normal conditions have increased by 1%, 4%, 5%, and 2% respectively.

Software defect prediction is an important means to guarantee software quality. Because there are no sufficient historical data within a project to train the classifier, cross-project defect prediction (CPDP) has been recognized as a fundamental approach. However, traditional defect prediction methods use feature attributes to represent samples, which cannot avoid negative transferring, may result in poor performance model in CPDP. This paper proposes a multi-source cross-project defect prediction method based on dissimilarity space (DM-CPDP). This method not only retains the original information, but also obtains the relationship with other objects. So it can enhances the discriminant ability of the sample attributes to the class label. This method firstly uses the density-based clustering method to construct the prototype set with the cluster center of samples in the target set. Then, the arc-cosine kernel is used to calculate the sample dissimilarities between the prototype set and the source domain or the target set to form the dissimilarity space. In this space, the training set is obtained with the earth mover’s distance (EMD) method. For the unlabeled samples converted from the target set, the k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm is used to label those samples. Finally, the model is learned from training data based on TrAdaBoost method and used to predict new potential defects. The experimental results show that this approach has better performance than other traditional CPDP methods.

Software defect prediction is an important means to guarantee software quality. Because there are no sufficient historical data within a project to train the classifier, cross-project defect prediction (CPDP) has been recognized as a fundamental approach.  However, traditional defect prediction methods using feature attributes to represent samples, which can not avoid negative transferring, may result in poor performance model in CPDP. This paper proposes a multi-source cross-project defect prediction method based on dissimilarity space ( DM-CPDP). This method first uses the density-based clustering method to construct the prototype set with the cluster center of samples in the target set. Then, the arc-cosine kernel is used to form the dissimilarity space, and in this space the training set is obtained with the earth mover’s distance (EMD) method. For the unlabeled samples converted from the target set, the KNN algorithm is used to label those samples. Finally, we use TrAdaBoost method to establish the prediction model.  The experimental results show that our approach has better performance than other traditional CPDP methods.