BackgroundThe objective was to identify severity characteristics of initial chikungunya infection (CHIKV) stages associated with post-CHIKV arthritis and arthralgia.MethodsFrench gendarmes exposed to the 2005–2006 CHIKV epidemic in Reunion Island who completed the 2006 (self-reporting acute and early chronic [median: 6 months] symptoms) and 2008 (Endpoint [median: 30 months]: self-perceived recovery and rheumatic disorders (RDs)) surveys were included. Multinomial logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) were used. Arthralgia was defined by joint pain and/or stiffness and arthritis by joint swelling in addition to pain and/or stiffness.ResultsIn 2008, 124 (31.3%)/403 participants (101 CHIKV+/302 CHIKV-) reported arthralgia and 57 (14.1%) arthritis. The multivariate model kept CHIKV infection, comorbidity and acute stage depressed mood as independent prognostic factors for both arthralgia and arthritis, but found early chronic stage RD as the main determinant of the same RD two years later.The MCA performed with the 85 CHIKV + patients who answered the question on self-perceived recovery enabled the calculation of severity scores based on initial symptoms that were strongly associated with persistent arthritis and, to a lesser extent, to arthralgia in bivariate analyses. The MCA graph clearly distinguished arthritis as the only RD associated with early severity indicators represented by sick leave, joint swelling and depressed mood during the acute stage, and early chronification of arthritis and depressed mood.ConclusionInitial CHIKV severity predicted recovery, with higher severity associated with arthritis and lower severity with arthralgia. More interestingly, specific markers of post-CHIKV arthritis, which can easily be used by clinicians for case management, were identified.
This paper introduced a new life time data analysis distribution name three parameters quasi gamma distribution discussed about its some properties including moment generating function, rth moment about origin and mean, mean deviations, reliability measurements, Bonferroni and Lorenz curve, Order statistics, Renyi entropy, also discussed about maximum likelihood method and real-life data applications.
Maintaining law and order is one of the primary functions of a political set up and government’s all over the world, since times immemorial, have done this by introducing a system of reward and punishment. Religions have been instrumental in providing the ethical grounds for formulation as well as enforcement of this system of reward and punishment. These notions of reward and punishment help promote harmony and peaceful coexistence. Societal harmony and peace can only be ensured if the same has already been established at the family level since the family is the very basic and primary structural unit of any society. The family originates with a man and woman agreeing to live as husband and wife for procreation and conjugal bliss. Almost the Semitic religions emphasise the need to regulate this conjugal relationship according to the parameters of justice, love, mutual respect, and adherence to the religious code that recognizes and regulates this relationship between two individuals. Faithfulness and Fair play in a sexual relationship have been categorically highlighted as inviolable canons of conduct by all the religions, especially the three Semitic religions, i.e., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Sustainable peace in a society is dependent upon strict conformity with these religious guidelines of sexual conduct. Adherents to these canons of conduct have been promised worldly and heavenly bliss and the transgressors of limits have been warned of horrible consequences in this worldly existence as well as in the life of the hereafter. Through this dissertation, the researcher aims at conducting a comparative analysis of worldly punishments meted out to adulterers in these three Semitic religions to prove that there has been a consistent continuity in all the three Semitic faiths so far as dealing with this phenomenon of adultery is concerned.
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