Introduction Every Organization has required human and material (tangible) resources to function efficiently which help it to achieve its goals. Role of HR is more important than tangible resources because a human has to utilize tangible resources effectively and efficiently for a better outcome. Similarly, the role of creativity considers as an important factor in the performance of every firm in this era of the highly competitive environment. The importance of creativity could not be ignored in a single firm. Creative and innovative firms have a better ability in response to unpredictable challenges and threatening (Reiter-Palmon & Illies, 2004). Moreover, it is identified as an essential part of the organizational survival and remains in the competition. Therefore the firms motivate their employees which are capable of creativity. Motivation is something which makes an employee capable of doing some creative work because of its leads an employee towards doing some action. Motivation is a process which inspires, encourages, and enhances confidence to do some creative work. Creativity is defined as "The generation of ideas has to be organized and initiated by the senior management of an organization" (Wu, McMullen, Neubert, & Yi, 2008). Managers from different organizations use different tactics to motivate employees such as, an employee of the month, bonuses and promotions. These are very useful tactics which surely contribute to employee's performance. At the point when supervisors focus on building up representatives' capabilities and testing, fascinating work, workers' psychological or persuasive procedures are upgraded (Oldham & Cummings, 1996).Employee creativity improves with the help of colleagues, cooperation, open correspondence and informative feedback (Zhou & George, 2001). Bringing creativity needs motivation from organizations, the employees must be encouraged in suggesting new ideas, which could be used. Employees of an organization will have assurance of their survival and support of their seniors their efficiency and creative performance will be increased (Eder & Sawyer, 2007). Employees of an organization are considered as asset of the organization. Some of them are performing very well, but some are not. Every employee has different mind from other.
In order to capture the stress-strain response of metallic materials under cyclic loading, it is necessary to consider the cyclic hardening behaviour in the constitutive model. Among different cyclic hardening approaches available in the literature, the Chaboche model proves to be very efficient and convenient to model the kinematic hardening and ratcheting behaviour of materials observed during cyclic loading. The purpose of this study is to determine the material parameters of the Chaboche kinematic hardening material model by using isotropic J2 plasticity and micromechanical crystal plasticity (CP) models as constitutive rules in finite element modelling. As model material, we chose a martensitic steel with a very fine microstructure. Thus, it is possible to compare the quality of description between the simpler J2 plasticity and more complex micromechanical material models. The quality of the results is rated based on the quantitative comparison between experimental and numerical stress-strain hysteresis curves for a rather wide range of loading amplitudes. It is seen that the ratcheting effect is captured well by both approaches. Furthermore, the results show that concerning macroscopic properties, J2 plasticity and CP are equally suited to describe cyclic plasticity. However, J2 plasticity is computationally less expensive whereas CP finite element analysis provides insight into local stresses and plastic strains on the microstructural length scale. With this study, we show that a consistent material description on the microstructural and the macroscopic scale is possible, which will enable future scale-bridging applications, by combining both constitutive rules within one single finite element model.
The application of instrumented indentation to assess material properties like Young’s modulus and microhardness has become a standard method. In recent developments, indentation experiments and simulations have been combined to inverse methods, from which further material parameters such as yield strength, work hardening rate, and tensile strength can be determined. In this work, an inverse method is introduced by which material parameters for cyclic plasticity, i.e., kinematic hardening parameters, can be determined. To accomplish this, cyclic Vickers indentation experiments are combined with finite element simulations of the indentation with unknown material properties, which are then determined by inverse analysis. To validate the proposed method, these parameters are subsequently applied to predict the uniaxial stress–strain response of a material with success. The method has been validated successfully for a quenched and tempered martensitic steel and for technically pure copper, where an excellent agreement between measured and predicted cyclic stress–strain curves has been achieved. Hence, the proposed inverse method based on cyclic nanoindentation, as a quasi-nondestructive method, could complement or even substitute the resource-intensive conventional fatigue testing in the future for some applications.
The application of instrumented indentation to assess material properties like Young’s modulus and micro-hardness has become a standard method. In recent developments, indentation experiments and simulations have been combined to inverse methods, from which further material parameters as yield strength, work hardening rate, and tensile strength can be determined. In this work, an inverse method is introduced by which material parameters for cyclic plasticity, i.e. kinematic hardening parameters, can be determined. To accomplish this, cyclic Vickers indentation experiments are combined with finite element simulations of the indentation with unknown material properties, which are then determined by inverse analysis. To validate the proposed method, these parameters are subsequently applied to predict the uniaxial stress-strain response of a material with success. The method has been validated successfully for a quenched and tempered martensitic steel and for technically pure copper, where an excellent agreement between measured and predicted cyclic stress-strain-curves has been achieved. Hence, the proposed inverse method based on cyclic nanoindentation, as a quasi-non-destructive method, could complement or even substitute the resource-intensive conventional fatigue testing in the future for some applications.
This research article gives a brief introduction and analysis of five Urdu translations of the Holy Qur’ān. Qur’ānic translations are an important source of learning and understanding of Qur’ān. In Urdu the translations of the Holy Book started in late 16th Century A.D. The number of these translations is in hundreds till now, which include translations in Urdu prose and verse. The first rhymed Urdu translation of the Holy Quran was written in the last quarter of 18th Century A.D. At present these translations are in hundreds, including complete as well as partial translations. Most of the translations are in rhymed form, while some are in free verse also. In this article five complete Holy Qur’ān translations have been discussed. Main aim of the article is to introduce the poets and their translations, as well as brief analysis of the translations. The translations are; Asar Zubairi Lakhnavi's "Sehr ul Bayan", Syed Shamim Rajz's "Aab e Rawaan", Seemab Akbar Abadi's "Wahi e Manzum", Abdul Aziz Khalid's "Furqan e Javed" and Qazi Ata ullah's "Mafhoom ul Quran". This article also explains how much the poets succeeded in presenting the message of Qur’ān. The merits and demerits of the translations have been highlighted. The article concludes that poetry, specially rhymed form, is not suitable for the translations of the Holy Book.
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