Environmental issues such as global warming, air pollution and ozone depletion have become global challenges. However, environmental awareness, environmental concern, environmental attitude and environmental behavior of individuals, as well as their academic background knowledge, are potential factors that may help in coping with these challenges. Here, we evaluated environmentalawareness, concern, attitude and behavior of university students across the five academic disciplines including arts & humanities, social sciences, physical sciences, biological sciences and environmental sciences. Further, we investigated how environmental-awareness, concern, and attitude influence the environmental behavior of individuals. Data was collected from 824 students of two public and two private sector universities through a self-administered questionnaire. The level of environmental awareness, environmental concern and environmental behavior of university students were found significantly high, whereas, level of environmental attitude was significantly low. Levels of environmental awareness, environmental concern and environmental behavior for all the five disciplines were found adequately high, but the level of environmental attitude was high for only two groups, i.e. physical sciences and biological sciences, and, low for three other groups. The group of biological sciences was ranked at top in all the four cases of awareness, concern, attitude and behavior. Moreover, the effects of environmental awareness and environmental concern on environmental behavior were found significantly positive, whereas the effect of environmental attitude was significantly negative.
Study examines the role of financial literacy and financial self-efficacy of individuals in explaining their behavior to have financial accounts. Study has used the questionnaire based survey and collected the data responses from 564 adults belonging to Sahiwal division. The binary logistic regression model is utilized to estimate the probability of having financial accounts in relation to individual's financial literacy and financial self-efficacy level. Estimated results show that individual's financially literacy level is positively related with individual's account ownership model among the selected group. While individual's financial self-efficacy level does not explain any positive significant impact on individual's account ownership model. Other socio-demographic variables like gender, marital status, education, occupation, and income level are also found to have influential impact on the individuals' account ownership behavior in Pakistan. Study recommends that financial literacy is pertinent to have equitable financial inclusion in the economy.
Background Wetlands are biologically diverse and highly productive ecosystems that support one-third of all threatened and endangered plants of the world. Wetland plants have been studied ethnobotanically much less than terrestrial plants, including in Pakistan, thus information about the uses of local wetland plants in traditional healthcare system is scare. Head Maralla is a non-recognized wetland with diversified flora that has been focused of the current study. Methods The ethnobotanical data were collected from four sites viz., River Tavi, Upstream Chenab, River Manawarwala Tavi, and Bhalolpur through questionnaire and interviews during field trips. Quantitative indices including informant consensus factor (ICF), cultural significant indext (CSI), relative frequency of citation (RFC), and use value (UV) were used to analyze the data. Results On the whole, 119 plant species were identified belonging to 54 families, of which 87 species were dicot, 12 monocots, 11 aquatic, 5 ferns, and 4 species were bryophytes. Of these, 50% of the plant species were utilized for therapeutic purposes, followed by leaves which had more than 20% usage of total consumption. Herbs were the primary source of medicine (73 spp) followed by trees (22 spp), weeds (11 spp), shrubs (9 spp), foliose (2 spp) and thaloids (2 spp) in the area. Fic ranged from 0.66 to 0.93 for constipation and respiratory disorders with an average Fic of 0.87 reflecting a high consensus among the informants about the use of plants to treat particular ailment. Major ailments viz., urination (14%), cough (8.40%), cold (6.70%), stomach (5.90%), asthma (5.90%), skin infection (5%), constipation (5%), and diarrhea (4%) etc., were treated with local plant recipes. The highest CSI value was found for A. vesica (7.55) widely used in respiratory disorders and in digestive problems. RFC ranged from 0.92 to 0.15 with the maximum value obtained for R. communis (0.95). The use values ranged from 0.03 to 0.90 with the maximum use value for R. communis (0.90). A positive correlation was found between CSI and RFC (r = 0.29), and CSI and UV (r = 0.29). The JI values ranged from 7.14 to 0.14 indicating strong affinity with Samahani valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Unique species Osmunda regalis was first time reported from Pakistan with novel uses for renal and blood purifier. Fifteen percent (15%) plants contribute as fodder species consumed by local community for livestock while almost 6.7% species were utilized for timber and fuel purposes. Conclusion The ecosystem of Head Maralla provide a complex habitat for aqauatic, terrestrial, and agriculture wetland vegetation. It is suggested that conservation efforts should be made to conserve the ethnoecological knowledge of these areas and pharmacological studies should be conducted for noval drug synthesis in future.
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