The distribution of insects in a wheat-filled large concrete silo was studied by drawing grain samples from the whole vertical depth by means of a special probe. The major insect species found were: Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (Lesser grain borer), and Tribolium castaneum (Red flour beetle). Maximum activity of all species was found on the grain surface although some insects were found at all depths in varying numbers. Breeding activity of major insect pests was detected by incubating grain samples and then counting the number of emerged insects. Maximum emergence of T. granarium and R. dominica was observed in nearly all grain depths in October to November and July to November, respectively. Maximum emergence of T. castaneum was noted in almost all grain depths during August. Breeding activity of all species was mainly restricted to the grain surface and top grain layers during the months of November and December.
A round the globe as population is increasing with the passage of time so dietary habits of individuals is also changing. Demand for food, fuel and feed is increasing associated with urbanization so there is huge pressure on agriculture to combat this type of situations ( Jouffret et al., 2011). In Pakistan agriculture is the occupation through with 70 % of the population is involved directly or indirectly but still Abstract | Phosphorus (P) is a limited natural reserve and a major limiting factor for global crop production. The adverse soil biogeochemical characteristics of alkaline-calcareous soils make P the least available macronutrient. Therefore, alternative P source such as rock phosphate (RP) can offer a promising choice for sustainable P supply under P stress environment. A pot research was executed to explore the response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sparingly soluble P sources grown under P deficient environment at research area, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha during 2018. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments replicated thrice.
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