The Internet of Things (IoT) is a widely used technology in the last decade in different applications. The Internet of things is wirelessly or wired to communicate, store, compute and track various real-time scenarios. This survey mainly discussed the core problems of Internet of things security and access control to unauthorized users and security requirements for IoT. The Internet of things is a heterogeneous device and has low memory, less processing power because of the small sizes. Nowadays, IoT systems are not sure and powerless to protect themselves against cyber attacks. It is mainly due to inadequate space in IoT gadgets, immature standards, and the lack of protected hardware and software design, development, and deployment. To meet IoT requirements, the authors discussed the limitations of traditional access control. Then the authors examined the potential to spread access control by implementing the safe architecture accommodated by the Blockchain. The authors also addressed how to use the Blockchain to work with and resolve some of the standards relevant to IoT security issues. In the end, an analysis of this survey shows future, open-ended problems, and challenges. It offers how the Blockchain potentially ensures reliable, scalable, and more efficient security solutions for IoT and further research work.
Electronic voting systems must find solutions to various issues with authentication, data privacy and integrity, transparency, and verifiability. On the other hand, Blockchain technology offers an innovative solution to many of these problems. The scalability of Blockchain has arisen as a fundamental barrier to realizing the promise of this technology, especially in electronic voting. This study seeks to highlight the solutions regarding scalable Blockchain-based electronic voting systems and the issues linked with them while also attempting to foresee future developments. A systematic literature review (SLR) was used to complete the task, leading to the selection of 76 articles in the English language from 01.01.2017 to 31.03.2022 from the famous databases. This SLR was conducted to identify well-known proposals, their implementations, verification methods, various cryptographic solutions in previous research to evaluate cost and time. It also identifies performance parameters, the primary advantages and obstacles presented by different systems, and the most common approaches for Blockchain scalability. In addition, it outlines several possible research avenues for developing a scalable electronic voting system based on Blockchain technology. This research helps future research before proposing or developing any solutions to keep in mind all the voting requirements, merits, and demerits of the proposed solutions and provides further guidelines for scalable voting solutions.
Several unique characteristics of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as distributed deployment and limited storage, make it challenging for standard centralized access control systems to enable access control in today's large-scale IoT ecosystem. To solve these challenges, this study presents an IoT access control system called Ether-IoT based on the Ethereum Blockchain (BC) infrastructure with Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC). Access Contract (AC), Cache Contract (CC), Device Contract (DC), and Policy Contract (PC) are the four central smart contracts (SCs) that are included in the proposed system. CC offers a way to save user characteristics in a local cache system to avoid delays during transactions between BC and IoT devices. AC is the fundamental program users typically need to run to build an access control technique. DC offers a means for storing the resource data created by devices and a method for querying that data. PC offers administrative settings to handle ABAC policies on users' behalf. Ether-IoT, combined with ABAC and the BC, enables IoT access control management that is decentralized, fine-grained and dynamically scalable. This research gives a real-world case study to illustrate the suggested framework's implementation. In the end, a simulation experiment is performed to evaluate the system's performance. To ensure data integrity in dispersed systems, the results show that Ether-IoT can sustain high throughput in contexts with a large number of requests.
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