This study systematically reviewed the immigrant and refugee research in counseling psychology and related fields, which included 323 empirical studies in 310 articles, over a 31-year period. We analyzed the content and methods in (a) participant characteristics, (b) study characteristics, (c) topics and theoretical frameworks, and (d) publication trends. To summarize key findings, top nations of origin included Mexico, China, and South Korea. English-speaking, young individuals and college students were overrepresented in study participants. Acculturation and enculturation was one of the most frequently used variables, topics, and theories. Nevertheless, the proportion of acculturation and enculturation research has declined over time, while research on racial bias and discrimination has increased since 2000. It suggests growing attention to sociopolitical dimensions of migration beyond cultural transition. Qualitative methods were frequently used when studying Middle Eastern immigrants, refugees, and LGBTQ issues. We evaluated the findings from strength-based, bidirectional, ecological, and intersectional perspectives and suggest directions for research, practice, advocacy, education, and training.
In the United States, emerging adults are increasingly from immigrant backgrounds-either immigrating to the U.S. themselves with parents (referred to as first-generation) or are born in the U.S. as the children of immigrant parents (referred to as second-generation). Currently, the number of immigrant-origin emerging adults (age 18-34) has grown to nearly 20 million (Rumbaut & Komaie, 2010), with one in four 16 to 24-year-olds in the U.S. being either first-or second-generation immigrants (Batalova & Fix, 2011; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). Families play critical roles in immigrant-origin emerging adults' lives (Fuligni & Pedersen, 2002), yet are often understudied in how they shape the identity development process, particularly during emerging adulthood. In this chapter we explore the ways in which family supports and obligations among Latinx immigrant-origin emerging adults shape their identities as they come into adulthood.
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