Recent studies reported that some recovered COVID‐19 patients have tested positive for virus nucleic acid again. A systematic search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to March 6, 2021. The pooled estimation of reinfection, recurrence, and hospital readmission among recovered COVID‐19 patients was 3, 133, and 75 per 1000 patients, respectively. The overall estimation of reinfection among males compared to females was greater. The prevalence of recurrence in females compared to males was more common. Also, hospital readmission between sex groups was the same. There is uncertainty about long‐term immunity after SARS‐Cov‐2 infection. Thus, the possibility of reinfection and recurrence after recovery is not unexpected. In addition, there is a probability of hospital readmission due to adverse events of COVID‐19 after discharge. However, with mass vaccination of people and using the principles of prevention and appropriate management of the disease, frequent occurrence of the disease can be controlled.
Background: Exposure to environmental pollution is a very important factor that disrupts human metabolism. Cadmium is one of the toxic elements of the environment that has deleterious effects on various organs of the body, induces oxidative stress in the cell, and ultimately causes apoptosis. Objectives: The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise along with cadmium consumption on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes in the heart tissue of rats. Methods: In the present experimental research, 25 rats were randomly selected and divided into five groups of five rats (1) control, (2) sham, (3) cadmium consumption, (4) endurance training along with cadmium consumption, and (5) endurance training alone. Groups 3 and 4 received 2 mg/kg of cadmium per day peritoneally and groups 4 and 5 ran on the treadmill for three sessions of 60 minutes per week for eight weeks. For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, One-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests were used (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Cadmium significantly reduced the Bcl-2 gene expression (P = 0.003) and increased the Bax gene expression (P = 0.001) in the heart tissue of rats. On the other hand, endurance training significantly increased the Bcl-2 gene expression (P = 0.002) and reduced the Bax gene expression (P = 0.002) in the heart tissue of the rats. Conclusions: Eight weeks of endurance training can improve the Bcl-2 and Bax gene expressions in the heart tissue of rats exposed to cadmium.
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