Our results indicated low incidence of endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy comparable to previous studies which resulted in poor visual acuity. It seems that not using tamponade might increase the risk of endophthalmitis among these patients.
One of the historical periods of Iran that can be studied for contagious diseases and how they spread, is the late Qajar period. The city of Mashhad, after Tehran and Tabriz, had a special place among Russian and English governments in the Qajar period as one of the significant religious, political and economic centers in Iran due to Imam Reza’s holy shrine, a large population and great geographical scale. The central governments’ incompetence in preventing the outbreak of contagious diseases and lack of essential amenities, caused many lives to be lost all over Iran and especially Mashhad during the Qajar period. Hence, the neighbor governments such as Russia, ordered for quarantines to be set up at the borders and dispatched doctors to stop diseases’ from reaching Russian lands. However, these attempts did not prevent the deaths of people in the border areas, especially in Mashhad, from diseases such as cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus, flu and other diseases. In this study, we investigate and explain the subjects: disease outbreaks, the problem of commerce, quarantine and its outcomes at the end of Qajar period, between the years 1892 and 1921 AD in Mashhad, with the help of historical and documentary sources using an analytical and medical historiography method.
<div><p><strong>Abstrak :</strong> Isu imanensi dan transendensi sangat penting dalam pemikiran keagamaan. Salah satu alasan mengapa masalah ini tidak pernah terselesaikan adalah bahwa ia memiliki banyak makna dan muncul dalam konteks yang berbeda. Pandangan yang menekankan imanensi dalam satu konteks mungkin menekankan transendensi pada konteks lain. Arti keduanya pun sangat tergantung pada asumsi metafisik mereka yang biasanya secara tidak sadar menggunakannya. Dua sisi yang saling terkait dan bergantung satu sama lain ini pasti hadir di konsep pikiran, jika hubungan antara Allah dan alam semesta, Realitas dan penampilan, benar-benar untuk dipahami. Karena ketiadaanlah bahwa Allah digambarkan sebagai transenden (tanzīh), dan karena keberadaan sehingga Ia dikenal sebagai imanen (tashbīh). Dua aspek Tuhan, transenden dan imanen diringkaskan oleh Ibn ‘Arabi melalui pendekatan ayat Qur’an (42:11). Pakar sejarah agama, peneliti dan mistikus berpegang pada prinsip ini juga dan meyakini bahwa apa yang disebut sebagai “logika panggilan” memiliki dua sisi fungsi yang berarti. Menurut logika ini, seseorang harus mengklasifikasikan panggilan nabi pada kesatuan atau pluralitas seperti dalam kategorisasi panggilan transenden, imanen atau transenden-imanen, dan akibatnya adalah agama Ilahiah akan diperspesi dari sisi ini pula. “Fuzzy logic” atau logika fuzzy dipahami berdasarkan preposisi yang paradoks dari berbagai penjelasan dan analisa mistis.<strong></strong></p><p><em>Kata kunci : Logika fuzzy, Transenden, Imanen, Teologi fuzzy, Paradox</em><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract :</strong> The issue of immanence and transcendence is crucial for religious thought. One reason why that is never resolved is that it has so many meanings and turns up in so many different contexts. A view may emphasize immanence in one context and emphasize transcendence in another. What the terms mean depends in part on the metaphysical assumptions, usually unconscious, of those who use them. According to Ibn al-Arabī, these two mutually dependent sides must constantly be borne in mind, if the relationship between God and universe, Reality and appearance, is to be truly understood. It is because of nonexistence that God is described as transcendent (tanzīh), and because of existence that He is known as immanent (tashbīh). The two aspects of God, transcendence and immanence, are summarized for Ibn al-‘Arabī by the Qur’anic verse “There is nothing like Him, and He is the Hearer, the Seer” (42.11). The religious-historians and researchers and alongside them some mystics insist on it and according to it they consider the logic of the call as a function of the two-valued logic (transcendence or immanence). According to this logic one must classify the call of the divine prophets based on their emphasis upon the unity or plurality in three categories of Transcendental calls, Similar calls and Transcendent-Imminent (T-I) calls and as a result consider the face of divine religions necessarily either Transcendental or Similar or T-I. Fuzzy logic and thought has in understanding of propositions approaches paradoxes and also, in general of any mystical explanation and analysis.</p><p><em>Keywords : Fuzzy logic, transcendence, immanence, fuzzy theology, paradox</em></p></div>
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