The impact of emissions from the fuel and energy sectors adversely affects the environment on the economies of countries. One of these pollutants is volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone. Emissions of hydrocarbon formation in the form of VOCs occur in four stages of the fuel and energy industry sector: (1) production, (2) processing, (3) transportation, and (4) storage. The oil and gas industry ranks among the top polluting industries in terms of VOC emissions. Research on the negative impact of VOCs, as well as CO2 emissions from the consequences of the extraction, processing, transport, and storage of oil and gas on the ecosystem of the planet and the population, has begun to be studied by science recently. Typically, these studies were conducted using laboratory and field analyses, as well as using data on anthropogenic emissions in the development of regulatory documents and requirements governing the control of VOC and CO2 emissions in the oil and gas industry. This paper presents a critical analysis of the literature on research on the negative effects of VOC emissions on the ecosystem and human health because of such factors as production, processing, transportation, and storage of hydrocarbons. This analysis shows the global magnitude of VOC emissions. Data from human‐made emissions from the oil and gas industry and direct emissions from transportation and energy processing were used to figure out how VOCs affect the environment around the world and how far they spread. In conclusion, this study found patterns of VOC emissions that show how important it is to control VOCs during the production, processing, transportation, and storage of oil and gas, as well as how important it is to create a single research base on emissions for each industry sector and on sources of greenhouse gas absorption.

This study determines and presents the capital and operating costs imposed by the use of CO2 capture technologies in the refining and petrochemical sectors. Depending on the refining process and the CO2 capture method, CO2 emissions costs of EUR 30 to 40 per ton of CO2 can be avoided. Advanced low-temperature CO2 capture technologies for upgrading oxyfuel reformers may not provide any significant long-term and short-term benefits compared to conventional technologies. For this reason, an analysis was performed to estimate the CO2 reduction potential for the oil and gas industries using short- and long-term ST/MT technologies, was arriving at a reduction potential of about 0.5–1 Gt/yr. The low cost of CO2 reduction is a result of the good integration of CO2 capture into the oil production process. The results show that advanced gasoline fraction recovery with integrated CO2 capture can reduce the cost of producing petroleum products and reduce CO2 emissions, while partial CO2 capture has comparative advantages in some cases.

No abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to identify the critical attributes of internal communications and employee engagement. It also studies the impact of internal communications on employee engagement in Iran's petrochemical industry.Methods: This is a quantitative research and a survey questionnaire was conducted for data collection from a single case petrochemical company. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents from different disciplines and at different levels within the company. A total number of 218 questionnaires were distributed. The collected data were then analyzed using the multiple regression technique with the help of SPSS software, and the five research hypotheses were tested.Results: The results show that the frequency and mode dimensions of internal communications have the most and least impacts on employees' engagement. The direction and quality dimensions received second and third positions respectively.Originality: This study adds to the body of knowledge by focusing on a phenomenon in an Iranian petrochemical case environment which has not been previously investigated. J o u r n a l o f B e h a v i o r a t W o r k 4 ( 1 ) 2 0 1 9 . These scales measure the employees' perceptions about the communication occurring within the petrochemical organization and the five prementioned distinct dimensions. In their study, respondents indicated the extent to which they were satisfied with these five communication dimensions and six sub-dimensions on a 7-point Likert scale. These dimensions included: communication frequency, communication mode (formal and informal), communication content (directive and indirective), and communication direction (bidirectional and unidirectional), and communication quality. However, the instrument in this study is modified by using 5 points Likert rating scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree to make it fit the other instruments of employee engagement. İş'te Davranış Dergisi