The gold nanoparticles were prepared in many methods, differed in reducing and dispersion agents and stability. The first solution was prepared by using potassium bitartrate as reducing agent and Polyethylene glycol as a dispersion factor. We got a solution of colloid gold with wine-red color that has been measured the particle size; it was between 50 -200 nanometers. The second gold colloidal solution was prepared by using sodium citrate as a reducing agent and without adding a dispersion agent, the color of the final solution is dark grey, but this solution did not remain stable, deposition happened quickly and crystals separated from the solution. The third one was prepared by using sodium citrate as a reducing agent and the solution was heated to a certain temperature, and the color of the solution became dark red after several minutes. Either the fourth method has been prepared gold colloid solution by using potassium bitartrate as a reductant for the gold ion. We have noted that no reaction under normal conditions, while the reaction by heating the solution to high temperature, and when added poly vinyl pyrrolidone will lead to a solution of colloild gold with dark purple-red color and stable under normal conditions for a long time. We measured the particles size in this experiment; it was less than 100 nanometers. We conclude from the above that all the reducing agent needs to appropriate conditions to complete the process of reduction of gold ion, and to get the nano gold particles, therefore; these particles in the colloid solution need to dispersion factor to the survival of the particles widespread so that the solutions with certain concentrations of poly vinyl pyrrolidone can be proven in the process of stability of the gold colloid solution.
The concentration of the heavy metal lead (Pb) has been measured for more than one hundred indoor air samples of different locations in Wasit Governorate that is frequented by many people. The samples were taken from the air conditioners of these locations and then washed with distilled water. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) has been used to measure Pb concentration. The results showed that the concentration of Pb, in general, is higher than the allowed international values. The minimum, maximum, and overall average values of Pb concentration (in mg m −3) for the investigated samples were 5.29E-03, 2.72E-05 and 9.56E-04, respectively. Finally, the cancer toxic risks and non-cancer toxic risks have been estimated, and its results were important and cannot be ignored.
Mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) were calculated for seven models distributed between the ordinary concrete (Conc.), The silicate glass system (GS), and the composite of (1-x)GS-(x)PbO, where x = 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75 fractions by weight (wt), using the XCOM and XMuDat programs for the range of gamma photon energies from 0.1-50MeV. The results of the calculations of the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), the half value layer (HVL), the relaxation distance length (λ), and the transmission factor (T) showed a marked improvement in the ability of radiation attenuation when increasing the concentration of the reinforcement material in the composites. In general, the values of μ were inversely proportional and the values of HVL, λ, and T were exponentially proportional with increasing gamma photon energy values up to 10MeV, after which their behavior was gradually slightly reversed for all samples of the composites. Finally, the results showed that μ increased exponentially, at 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333MeV energies, with the increase in the reinforcement material which achieved the highest values at the energy of 0.662MeV. Also, the values of HVL, λ, and T of different thickness values of shield material decrease linearly with increasing reinforcement material, and T values increase significantly with increased sample thickness for all types of shields.
The radioactivity content of soil of wheat fields of all Wasit cities have been measured using gamma spectroscopy adopted with high pure germanium coaxial detector. The specific radioactivities of Ra-226, Ac-228, and K-40 NORM isotopes have been measured. The overall average values of those isotopes for the investigated soil samples were 38.22, 10.67, and 409.4 Bq/kg. The results showed that some fields have higher radioactivity content according to the international agencies, and these results strongly suggested that the farmers don’t washing the fields’ soil.
In this paper, twenty four measurements for radiation absorbed dose rate (D) of selected schools in Wasit Governorate – Iraq have been investigated using Canberra dosimeter. The annual radiation effective dose rate (Eff.D) has been calculated for all investigated schools. The results showed a significant fluctuation for all measurements of indoor and outdoor absorbed dose rates (DIn and DOut) and the overall average values were 0.14 μSv/h and 0.134 μSv/h for DIn and DOut, receptively. Furthermore, the maximum value of Eff.D was 1.275 mSv/y and the minimum value was 0.294 mSv/y while the overall average value was 0.819 mSv/y.
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