Ethiopia implemented an innovative community-based health program, called the health extension program, to enhance access to basic health promotion, disease prevention and selected curative services by establishing health posts in every village, also called kebeles, with average of 5000 people, staffed with two health extension workers (HEWs). This time and motion study was done to estimate the amount of time that HEWs spend on various work duties and to explore differences in urban compared with rural settings and among regions. A total of 44 HEWs were observed for 21 consecutive days, and time and motion data were collected using tablet computers. On average, HEWs were on duty for 15.5 days out of the 21 days of observation period, and on average, they stayed on duty for about 6 hours per day. Out of the total observed work time, the percentages of total time spent on various activities were as follows: providing health education or services (12.8%); participating in meetings and giving trainings (9.3%); conducting community mapping and mobilization (0.8%); recordkeeping, reporting, managing family folders (13.2%); managing commodities and supplies (1.3%); receiving supervision (3.2%); receiving training (1.6%); travel between work activities (15.5%); waiting for clients in the health post (or health centre in urban settings) (24.9%); building relationships in the community (13.3%); and other activities that could not be meaningfully categorized (4%). The proportion of time spent on different activities and the total time worked varied significantly between rural and urban areas and among the regions (at P < 0.05). Findings of this study indicate that only a minority of HEW time is spent on providing health education and services, and substantial time is spent waiting for clients. The efficiency of the HEW model may be improved by creating more demand for services or by redesigning service delivery modalities.

The study was undertaken to assess the physicochemical and major chemical parameters of water springs in Iddo Wara Wale area of Dale Sadi district of Kellem Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia. A total of 20 L samples were collected from five densely populated springs, namely: Ittisa, Abba Moga, Kersa, Ele Gonda and Merfata during drying season. All samples were analyzed for seven physicochemical parameters: temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity and total hardness, and for eight major chemical parameters (SO4 2-, PO4 3-, NO3-, Cl-, Ca, Mg, Na and K) according to standard methods. Temperature, pH and conductivity were measured in-situ. The chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, total hardness, SO4 2-, Cl-, Ca and Mg were determined by titrimetric methods. PO4 3and NO3were determined by validated UV-Vis Spectrophotometry while Na and K were analyzed by validated Flame Photometry. The mean values of temperature, pH, and conductivity were ranged from 19.78 to 21.85 o C, 6.67 to 7.44, and 22.1 to 47.1 µS/cm, respectively. The results for total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, and total hardness were ranged from 17.8 to 32.