This study uses Singapore data to examine cointegration and causal relationships between trade and tourist arrivals. This was done with respect to ASEAN, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Australia. We discovered that, contrary to the findings of others done with data from Australia, cointegration between tourism and trade exists but is not common. Granger causality is even rarer. Nevertheless, we found a strong link between business visits and imports, because businesspeople who intend to export must visit the host country. Conversely, imports encourage the exporters to visit their markets to strengthen trade ties. Business travelers appear to be selling rather than buying, because business arrivals Granger-cause imports but not exports. We also found no correlation or Granger causality within integrated trading blocks, because their integrated economies do not allow them to be treated as trading partners in the traditional sense.

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This study examines the interrelationships among supply chain integration, learning, agility and organizational performance. Survey data were collected from 257 publiclyowned companies in Pakistan, and the hypothesized framework was tested using a structural equation model. It was found that supply chain integration had a significant impact on external and internal learning. Additionally, supply chain integration was found to have an insignificant impact on firm performance and supply chain agility. Finally, internal learning was found to have an insignificant impact on supply chain agility, but a significant direct impact on firm performance, while external learning had an insignificant impact on firm performance both directly and indirectly.

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This article first uses the Esteban-Marquillas extension of the shift-share approach to analyze the growth of visitors to Singapore, measured against the benchmark countries of Thailand, Malaysia, and Hong Kong. Second, it modifies the extended model to analyze the growth of four of Singapore’s tourism sectors (holiday travel, business visits, business and pleasure visits, and transit stops). This two-stage shift-share approach allows the authors to determine how it is performing relative to its benchmark competitors, where Singapore’s tourism industry is specializing, and where it is competitive. The authors found that Singapore is very much like Hong Kong and is becoming less competitive relative to Thailand and Malaysia. Also, growth appears to be slower in the holiday and business and pleasure markets and faster for business visits and transit stops.