Indonesia developed the Smallholder Plantation Scheme (PIR) in the early 1980s, making smallholders an important part of the national scale. Increasing smallholder yields is an important instrument for increasing local income and livelihoods. However, small-scale oil palm expansion has problems with low productivity and quality of production. Therefore, to increase their productivity and improve their cultivation, this study measures the importance of planting behavior and specific treatment of farmers’ prosperity and productivity. To measure the possible significant differences between and within groups, a statistical approach, ANOVA, has been used while Spearman’s correlation matrix also has been used to measure the correlation between variables. This study finds that good seed treatment and adequate doses of fertilizer are important for farmers’ prosperity and productivity. Smallholder farmers have the least expenditure but the highest average production and income with the most extended growing age when compared with the other two groups of smallholder farmers. Even though the number of seeds used was the smallest, the success rate of smallholder planting was the highest. The optimal use of fertilizer and seed care alone is not significant enough to increase yields. It is a combination of other factors such as planting management practices, drainage capacity and soil substrate properties, climate characteristics, rainfall distribution, nutrient supply, and prevention of plant diseases and also determining maximum yield.
The purpose of this study explores the relationship between environmental preservation and gender equality. Efforts to overcome the impacts of climate change in cities through environmental preservation must be carried out by all communities’ participation. Gender equality very important to strengthen providing access to women to preservation activity in the urban environmental management. This study was conducted qualitatively with a literature review using a qualitative systematic review. The findings show that there are still obstacles to achieving gender equality in preserving the environment physically and non-physically. The gender aspect need to be elaborate the preservation activity with emphasis in human aspect to prevent environmental damages. Because women’s way and their consistency contribution in environmental preservation shows that a gender equality approach is very important in environmental conservation activities to achieve urban area sustainable. To conclude, there is important relationship regarding environmental preservation with aspects of gender equality, regarding access and forms of involvement in activities. This study contributes to urban planning with a gender responsive approach, with a focus on involving women in urban preservation by reducing gender discrimination.
This study aims to evaluate palm oil productivity by the smallholders in Indonesia, which offered by particular external factors condition. This article consists of 400 smallholders from 5 different districts as respondents. Evaluation of the survey data was undertaken using inferential statistics, one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression methods. An increase of 1 USD income per day would translate to an increase of 2 kg of output. Local government support is more critical than the central government since it can boost up to 100 kg of output. Corporate support and Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil certification help boosting the harvest up to 80 kg of output. The current farming association shows a sign of inefficiency. The plantation lifespan has a positive impact on output productivity, which will be achieved when the plantation lifespan has productive periods. That indicates that external factors affect the smallholder's productivity in its way.
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