This paper reviews and assesses emerging issues in retirement systems and pension reform in Malaysia. The pension system models proposed by the ILO, the World Bank and the Geneva Association are compared and analysed, providing a useful conceptual framework for the design and reform of pension systems. This framework is then used to assess pension reforms in Malaysia, analysing the relative advantages and disadvantages for workers. The authors conclude by proposing a number of recommendations for retirement system design and reform. T he retirement system is of crucial importance to the labour force and to organizations. It involves a process that starts at the beginning of an individual's career and extends throughout his or her working life and retirement. One important component of retirement systems is the choice of pension scheme -a matter that has become increasingly complex, while desirable options available to employees become increasingly restricted. People are made aware of pensions as early as in their teens: when Furnham and Goletto-Tankel (2002) surveyed a sample of British young people aged between 16 and 21 on their knowledge of, and attitudes towards, savings, pensions and life insurance, they found varying degrees of awareness and understanding of pensions. Replies from respondents ranged from "a job with an organizational pension is important to me" to "private pensions are necessary if you want a good quality of life in old age". Retirement systems, and studies on this subject, therefore, continue to attract extensive attention from employers, employees, researchers and governments alike.

Purpose-The Objective of this study is to investigate the moderating role of Intellectual Capital between the relationship of Bank internal factor and Credit Risk in Islamic banks of Pakistan. Design/Methodology-Panel data are obtained from annual reports of 4 Islamic banks of Pakistan from the period 2006 to 2017. These are analyzed using hierarchical regression techniques, via Eviews 9 software. Findings-The results showed that intellectual capital significantly moderates the relationship of bank internal variable and credit risk in Islamic banks in Pakistan. Practical Implications-The study found that Intellectual Capital is a very important driver for credit risk. The investment in Intellectual Capital may lower the credit risk which will further help in the growth and sustainability of the bank and hence the growth in the economy. The results of the study will be useful for bank management, policy maker, and regulator and academia for future research.

Resumen.Se evalúan en este artículo los problemas actuales de los sistemas de jubilación malasios y las reformas emprendidas recientemente. Se analizan y comparan los modelos de regímenes de pensiones de la OIT, el Banco Mundial y la Geneva Association, generando un marco conceptual para el diseño y la reforma de regímenes de pensiones. A continuación se utiliza este marco para evaluar las reformas emprendidas en Malasia y sus ventajas e inconvenientes para los trabajadores. Los autores concluyen con recomendaciones para reformas futuras.

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This paper examines the emerging issues in the practice of Employee Benefits (EB) in SMEs. An insight of the types of employee benefits (EB) rationally offered in business is brought forward with its importance. Costs, minimum wage policy, non-monetary benefits, tax implications and cafeteria plan flexibility have been identified as issues and challenges for EB practices in SMEs. This paper contributes knowledge on the contemporary state of EB to the SMEs.