The cerebral glymphatic system, particularly the Virchow-Robin Spaces (VRS), plays an important role in waste clearance from the brain. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is a common epilepsy type associated with blood-brain-barrier dysfunction, abnormal exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. These disorders may be reflected in the glymphatic system. Therefore, this study investigated the relationships between visible VRS on MRI and seizures, to detect changes in glymphatic function. Methods: We retrospectively included 32 children with newly diagnosed IGE and 30 controls aged 3-13 years. Visible VRS were identified using a custom-designed automated method. VRS counts and volume were quantified and compared between children with IGE and controls. Meanwhile, Correlations of VRS counts and volume with seizure duration and course after seizure onset were respectively explored via Spearman's coefficient (r). Results: In this study, visible VRS counts were higher in IGE than control group (VRS _epilepsy , 234.34 ± 113.88 vs. VRS _control , 111.83 ± 52.46; P < 0.001), as similar results were found in VRS volume (VRS _epilepsy , 1377.47 ± 778.79 mm 3 vs. VRS _control , 795.153 ± 452.49 mm 3 ; P = 0.001). Visible VRS counts and volume positively correlated with seizure duration (r _counts = 0.638, r _volume = 0.639; P < 0.001) and gradually decreased with time after seizure onset (r _counts = −0.559, r_ volume = −0.558; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Epileptic seizures can induce changes in VRS counts and volume, which were associated with seizure duration and post-onset course. Quantitative metrics of VRS visible on MRI might be potential biomarkers for monitoring glymphatic function.

Background: Simple febrile seizures (SFS) and epilepsy are common seizures in childhood. However, the mechanism underlying SFS is uncertain, and the presence of obvious variances in white matter (WM) integrity and glymphatic function between SFS and epilepsy remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences in WM integrity and glymphatic function between SFS and epilepsy.Material and Methods: We retrospectively included 26 children with SFS, 33 children with epilepsy, and 28 controls aged 6–60 months who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to compare the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of WM among the above-mentioned groups. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was used to segment the visible Virchow-Robin space (VRS) through a custom-designed automated method. VRS counts and volume were quantified and compared among the SFS, epilepsy, and control groups. Correlations of the VRS metrics and seizure duration and VRS metrics and the time interval between seizure onset and MRI scan were also investigated.Results: In comparison with controls, children with SFS showed no significant changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), or radial diffusivity (RD) in the WM (P &gt; 0.05). Decreased FA, unchanged AD, and increased RD were observed in the epilepsy group in comparison with the SFS and control groups (P &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, VRS counts were higher in the SFS and epilepsy groups than in the control group (VRS_SFS, 442.42 ± 74.58, VRS_epilepsy, 629.94 ± 106.55, VRS_control, 354.14 ± 106.58; P &lt; 0.001), and similar results were found for VRS volume (VRS_SFS, 6,228.18 ± 570.74 mm3, VRS_epilepsy, 9,684.84 ± 7,292.66mm3, VRS_control, 4,007.22 ± 118.86 mm3; P &lt; 0.001). However, VRS metrics were lower in the SFS group than in the epilepsy group (P &lt; 0.001). In both SFS and epilepsy, VRS metrics positively correlated with seizure duration and negatively correlated with the course after seizure onset.Conclusion: SFS may not be associated with WM microstructural disruption; however, epilepsy is related to WM alterations. Seizures are associated with glymphatic dysfunction in either SFS or epilepsy.