Introduction The aim of this study was to assess UK otorhinolaryngology trainees’ perceptions of their septorhinoplasty training. The possible effects that the COVID-19 pandemic may have on current and future training opportunities are also discussed. Methods A cross-sectional survey of members of the Association of Otolaryngologists in Training was conducted in March 2019. Results A total of 64 trainees responded to the survey. All deaneries were represented. A variety of challenges regarding septorhinoplasty training were highlighted. The most common hurdle was the low number of cases being undertaken. A third of the ST7–ST8 trainees in this sample (8/25, 32%) had not yet performed a single septorhinoplasty even though they were into the final two years of their training. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic is a new additional threat to septorhinoplasty training for otorhinolaryngology trainees, particularly those in the final two years of the programme. In the short term, clarification is needed regarding what level of operative proficiency is required for the Certificate of Completion of Training. In the longer term, threats to training can be mitigated by providing cadaveric courses, embracing simulation and considering private sector placements in areas of low NHS volume.
base excess before the onset of clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis indicate infection in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Methods A total of 118 infants were enrolled. The infants were classified into two groups: group 1 (sepsis, n = 49) and group 2 (control, n = 69). Blood gas analysis investigated for screening of neonatal sepsis. Results A total of 49 infants with neonatal sepsis and 69 healthy controls were enrolled. A comparison of markers of sepsis revealed C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 level to be significantly higher and pH, pCO 2 , HCO 3 and base excess values to be significantly lower in newborns with sepsis compared healthy controls (p < 0.01). The optimum cut-off value in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis was found to be -5 mmol/L for base excess. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of this base excess cut-off for neonatal sepsis were 75, 91, 86 and 84% respectively. Conclusions This is the first study to determine the relationship between the decrease value of base excess and early stage of neonatal sepsis. If the value of base excess <-5 mmol/L without an underlying another reason, may need close follow up of infants for neonatal sepsis and it may help early diagnosis.
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