We introduce an optical fiber sensing technique that can measure the temperature distributions along a fiber during microwave heating. We used a long-length fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as an electromagnetic-immune sensor and interrogated temperature distributions along the FBG by an optical frequency domain reflectometry. Water in a glass tube with a length of 820 mm was heated in a microwave oven, and its temperature distribution along the glass tube was measured using the sensing system. The temperature distribution was obtained in 5 mm intervals. Infrared radiometry was also used to compare the temperature measurement results. Time and spatial variations of the temperature distribution profiles were monitored for several microwave input powers. The results clearly depict inhomogeneous temperature profiles. The applicability and effectiveness of the optical fiber distributed measurement technique in microwave heating are demonstrated.
Japanese annual oil consumption is about 300 GL (giga liter) and energy related CO 2 emission is about 300 MtC (mega ton carbon). Among them, transport vehicles consume one third of the oil, 100 GL/year, and emit 20 percent of the CO 2 , 61 MtC/year. Then, the substitution of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) for the structural material of transport vehicle is quite effective in lightening, fuel efficiency and hence the mitigation of global warming. In this paper, life cycle CO 2 emission and energy consumption of the ultra lightweight automobile using CFRP are presented first. Then, the effect of lightweight and fuel cell automobiles on the mitigation of global oil consumption and CO 2 emission is estimated under the assumption of Asian motorization.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.