We provide an update on the epidemiology and disease characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Switzerland. Data were collected through the mandatory notification system of the Federal Office of Public Health. Between 2005 and 2011, a total of 1,055 TBE cases were reported, with a peak of 244 cases in 2006. The average yearly incidence was 2.0/100,000 inhabitants nationwide, with the highest regional value (7.8/100,000) in eastern Switzerland. Incidence by age peaked in 60-69 year-old patients, males predominated in all age groups. Most patients suffered from meningoencephalitis (n=567) or meningitis (n=246), seven of 1,055 patients (0.7%) died. Of 617 patients who were 40 years and older, 442 (72%) suffered from a severe course of illness, compared to 196 (51%) of 384 patients younger than 40 years. Most patients were not immunised against TBE, and in 33 of 1,055 patients (3%), vaccine failure was found possible. Ongoing surveillance of TBE and intensified efforts in promoting TBE vaccination for the population at risk will be needed in light of its considerable morbidity.
In a study on gene deregulation in ovarian carcinoma we found a mRNA coding for a 350 kDa protein, Drop1, to be downregulated 20-to 180-fold in the majority of ovarian and mammary carcinomas. The mRNA is encoded by a set of exons in the 5 0 region of the SYNE1 gene. Immunohistochemical staining for Drop1 protein by a specific monoclonal antibody corresponds to the pattern seen for the mRNA. cDNA arrays of matched pairs of tumor and normal tissue and in situ hybridizations confirmed the drastic loss of Drop1 mRNA as a common feature in uterus, cervix, kidney, lung, thyroid and pancreas carcinomas, already at early tumor stages and in all metastases. Two-hybrid studies suggest a role of this deficiency in the malignant progression of epithelial tumors.
Tick related diseases are frequent and widespread in Switzerland. They are leading to a considerable usage of the health care system. Thus, tick bite prevention and vaccination against tick borne encephalitis are essential. However, long term follow-up cohort studies with reasonably large study populations after tick bite would be required to elucidate the risk of developing a tick borne disease.
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