We explore the influence of surface modification of SiO 2 on dynamic properties and heat buildup of semi-efficient vulcanisates filled by both SiO 2 and carbon black. Compared with untreated-SiO 2filled natural rubber (NR), vulcanisates reinforced by modified-SiO 2 presents not only better filler dispersity, mechanical properties and dynamic properties, as confirmed by scanning electron microscope and rubber processing analyser, but also lower heat buildup. Fourier infrared spectroscopy and cure characteristics indicates that silane coupling agent molecules grafted on the silica surface provoke an enhanced mobility of rubber chain and adsorb onto filler surface and then decrease the barrier of crosslink reaction. Moreover, composites with Si69-modified-SiO 2 show obviously the highest tear strength and lowest heat buildup attributed to that more sulphur released by Si69 also participate the vulcanisation reaction.

Abstract. Black carbon (BC), a distinct type of carbonaceous material formed from the incomplete combustion of fossil and biomass based fuels under certain conditions, can interact with solar radiation and clouds through its strong light-absorption ability, thereby warming the Earth's climate system. Some studies have even suggested that global warming could be slowed down in a short term by eliminating BC emission due to its short lifetime. In this study, we estimate the influence of removing some sources of BC and other co-emitted species on the aerosol radiative effect by using an aerosol-climate coupled model BCC_AGCM2.0.1_CUACE/Aero, in combination with the aerosol emissions from the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. We find that the global annual mean aerosol net cooling effect at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) will be enhanced by 0.12 W m−2 compared with present-day conditions if the BC emission is reduced exclusively to the level projected for 2100 based on the RCP2.6 scenario. This will be beneficial for the mitigation of global warming. However, the global annual mean aerosol net cooling effect at the TOA will be weakened by 1.7–2.0 W m−2 relative to present-day conditions if emissions of BC and co-emitted sulfur dioxide and organic carbon are simultaneously reduced as the most close conditions to the actual situation to the level projected for 2100 in different ways based on the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. Because there are no effective ways to remove the BC exclusively without influencing the other co-emitted components, our results therefore indicate that a reduction in BC emission can lead to an unexpected warming on the Earth's climate system in the future.