When submarine cable line fails or other lines need load transfer, it often suffers from emergency ampacity that exceeds the steady-state ampacity. The layout environment of the submarine cable is always complex and changeable, and the overload capacity of the submarine cable in different layout environments is also different. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the overload capacity of the submarine cable. In this paper, a coupled multi-physical field model by finite element method is established for AC 500 kV XLPE extra high voltage submarine cable in landing section, which is the ampacity bottleneck section of the whole line. The overload capacity of submarine cable in two typical layout environments which are direct buried and within pipeline is analyzed. The results show that the overload capacity of submarine cable in the direct buried environment is much higher than that in the pipeline environment. The allowable emergency time in the direct buried environment is 2–3 times that of the pipeline environment under the same condition. In the two typical layout environments, when the emergency current are 2500 A and 3500 A, the ratio of the emergency time allowed to run in the direct buried environment to that in the pipeline environment is about 5 times under the same initial capacity. The proposed model can provide a reference for dynamic capacity control of the extra high voltage submarine cable.
A traffic sensing and monitoring system based on a magnetometer is proposed to work with Arduino pro-mini and nRF24L01 to mitigate traffic congestion problems. As vehicles pass through the magnetometer buried underground, the microcontroller processes the magnetic field changes and transmits them by the nRF24L01 transceiver for data analysis. A MIFA antenna resonating at 2.4 GHz is incorporated in the transceiver module for transmission purposes. The performance of this antenna is simulated by using COMSOL commercial software. Approximate 7 dB of return loss enhancement is found when taper design is applied to the antenna. Since the antenna is designed to radiate at 2.4 GHz, its antenna gain is the highest (1.22 dBi) in this frequency too. The simulated 3D and 2D gain patterns have shown that this antenna is radiating omnidirectional, suitable for transmitting signals in all directions. This is further validated by the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurement, which indicates a similar trend of signal strength for all locations at a distance below 40 m (-87 dBm). When the distances increase beyond 40 m, the RSSI at the direction closer to the traffic flow drops significantly compared to the other directions where 30 dBm of variation is detected at 100 m.
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