Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a halophilic, Gram-negative human pathogen known as a leading cause of seafood-derived food poisoning. Due to high contamination rate of seafood in Asian countries, V. parahaemolyticus is considered as a food safety concern. V. parahaemolyticus is able to produce biofilm which is more resistant toward disinfectants and antibodies than its planktonic form. Thirty six V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood were tested for their susceptibility using 18 different antibiotics. Two V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to bacitracin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, ampicillin, vancomycin, nalidixic acid, penicillin and spectinomycin. Fourteen V. parahaemolyticus isolates were found to be resistant to bacitracin, tetracycline, rifampin, ampicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and spectinomycin. The remaining two isolates were resistant to more than 2 antibiotics. Majority of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates (97.2%) showed MAR index > 0.2, indicating that these isolates were originated from high risk sources. To investigate effect of three common detergents on antibacterial-resistant V. parahaemolyticus, 16 V. parahaemolyticus isolates resistant to more than 7 antibiotics were selected. V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802) was used as reference strain. Detergents were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill curves were constructed to assess the concentration between MIC and bactericidal activity of detergents. Detergents D1 (Linear alkyl benzene based) was found to be the most effective with MIC and MBC ranged between 97.656 and 1562.5 μg/ml and 781.25-3125 μg/ml, respectively. The time-kill curves demonstrated that the bactericidal endpoint for resistant V. parahaemolyticus isolates reached after 30 min incubation with D1 at concentration 8 × MIC. The isolate VP003 was killed at 8 × MIC within 0.5 h and the reduction in CFU/ml was 3 log units (99.9%). V. parahaemolyticus biofilms were formed in 96 wells microtiter plates at 37 °C and 24 hold biofilm were used to test antibacterial activity of detergents. Results showed that biofilm-producing ability of antibacterial-resistant V. parahaemolyticus isolates were inhibited at 1562.5-6250 μg/ml of D1 and eradicated at 3125-≥50,000 μg/ml of D1. Detergents showed potential antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus.
The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food handlers' hands at primary schools in Hulu Langat district, Selangor (Malaysia). Disc diffusion methods were used to examine the antimicrobial resistance of the bacteria by using ten types of antibiotic discs with different concentrations. The results show that the prevalence of S. aureus (65.88-74.12%) was far higher than the prevalence of E. coli (9.41-14.12%). The percentage isolates of E. coli that were resistant to the antibiotics was 85.71% Penicillin and Chloramphenicol, 57.14% Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Ampicillin and Trimethoprim, 28.57% Kanamycin and Tetracycline and 14.29% Ciprofloxacin. All of the isolates had shown susceptible to Gentamicin and Nitrofurantoin. For S. aureus, the percentage isolates that were resistant to the antibiotics was 72.30% Ampicillin, 53.38% Penicillin, 4.73% Nitrofurantoin,1.35% Chloramphenicol and Trimethoprim and 0.68% Kanamycin and Tetracycline. None of the isolates had shown resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim and Gentamicin. Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli represented a high percentage (85.71%) of the total positive strains revived whereas multidrug resistant S. aureus strains were only 5.41% of the total positive strains. The existence of multidrug resistant bacteria is quite worrying as they may pose serious threat to the patients. Hence, the microbiological quality of food handlers' hands from foodservice operations should be maintained in a good condition to reduce the existence of multidrug resistance bacteria.
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