The formation of secondary energetic electrons induced by an abnormal electron-heating mode in pulsed microwave-frequency atmospheric microplasmas was investigated using particle-in-cell simulation. We found that additional high electron heating only occurs during the first period of the ignition phase after the start of a second pulse at sub-millimeter dimensions. During this period, the electrons are unable to follow the abruptly retreating sheath through diffusion alone. Thus, a selfconsistent electric field is induced to drive the electrons toward the electrode. These behaviors result in an abnormal electron-heating mode that produces high-energy electrons at the electrode with energies greater than 50 eV. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.
We have designed a novel transflective nematic liquid crystal (LC) cell driven by a fringe field. A homogeneously aligned LC director rotates almost in plane by applying voltage and, thus, the LC cell becomes an excellent dynamic phase retarder. The transflective display associated with this LC cell exhibits a wideviewing‐angle in both reflective and transmissive displays.
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