The performance of a sparger-type, singlet-delta-oxygen generator using various amines as alternative bases to NaOH was found to be comparable to the performance of a generator with the Cl2-NaOH-H2O2-H2O reactant system. Based on the percentage of singlet-oxygen evolution from the generator and the known rates of reaction between Cl2 and propylamine, the reaction between Cl2 and HO−2, which is assumed to produce singlet oxygen, is estimated to be ∼108 M−1 s−1.
In order to obtain quantitative data on the backscatter function from laser irradiance backscattered from the atmosphere, the ratio of power transmitted to power received must be accurately known. No absolute measurements of power, optical system transmittance, detector quantum efficiency, or electronic gain are necessarily required. The technique of measuring the power ratio by irradiating a smoked or painted target of known diffuse reflectance at a fixed range is used to calibrate a complete lidar system. The relative area of the output power pulse is monitored by a fast response photodiode, and the relative area of the returned pulse is also recorded after passing through a filter of known high optical density. It is essential to control the temperatures of the laser rod and receiver interference prefilter to ensure proper spectral matching. Field experience gained using this technique is described, and examples of calibration measurements and backscatter functions for smog and cirrus clouds are presented.
A chain-reaction CO chemical laser fueled by carbon monosulfide (CS) and molecular oxygen (O2) has been demonstrated. Initiation by the chain carriers (either O or S atoms) is necessary; the chain lenght λ* increases rapidly with the CS/CS2 fuel mole ratio, reaching a value λ*?10 at CS/CS2=1.57. Mass flow efficiencies up to 67 kJ/1b have been measured with a small-scale subsonic device, and laser operation has been observed up to 64-Torr cavity pressure. Gain measurements and subsonic mixing effects have been investigated. This work was made possible by developing a thermoelectric CS gas generator, which is also described.
The operation of a CO chemical laser fueled by carbon monosulfide (CS) and oxygen and pumped by a chain-reaction mechanism is reported. For CS-to-CS2 mole ratios of 2.0, the chain length is 8.5. The optical performance of this chain-reaction laser, producing specific energies of 67 kJ/lbm, is superior to the performance of previous CO chemical lasers.
A CO chemical laser utilizing combustor-generated CS and S is described. The combustor is fueled with NF 3 -CH 4 -H 2 -CS 2 and produces CS and S and the side products HF and N 2 . A common supersonic expansion mixing nozzle is used to extract the CS find S from the combustor and mix O 2 and diluent (N2 or He) into the flow stream. A chain reaction between CS and O 2 in the mixed flow stream, initiated by S atoms, produces vibrationally excited CO. The maximum power obtained from the laser was 700 W operating with He in a free expansion. Pressure and temperature measurements of the supersonic flow stream are compared with the results of a onedimensional fluid-dynamics model, and the results of mass-spectrometric sampling are presented. It is concluded that the power extraction efficiency could be greatly improved by operation of the laser with either a combustor fuel-oxidizer combination that does not produce HF or an improved supersonic mixing nozzle. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the output power of this device scales with mass flowrate.
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