Applications of electron beams have been revolutionized by recent improvements in the production, detection, and utilization of high-energy electrons. These improvements are the basis of an era of expansion of the application of electrons to physics, chemistry, biology, and the applied sciences that may be as significant as the era of neutron applications in the atomic-energy technology 20 years ago. I shall describe the new electron-beam technology, with particular emphasis on the present and future roles of the National Bureau of Standards. Present Role of NBStThe Bureau establishes and maintains the central basis for the system of physical measurement that U.S. science, industry, and government use in domestic and international commerce. The Bureau meets its responsibilities to industry and government through research, measurement services, technical information, and consultation.In various areas of radiation science, the Bureau provides accurate and uniform techniques of physical measurement by investigating, developing, and improving radiation sources and standards (1); by providing calibration services for standard measuring instruments, materials, foils, fields, and sources; and by advising other government agencies on radiation measurements. Services with standard instruments and sources developed or being developed by NBS are listed in Table 1 (2, 3).These services (Table 1) are provided for radiation fields consisting of x-rays, gamma rays, radionuclides, and neutrons. None now exists for electron fields. However, because of the developments in electron-beam technology (which I shall describe) the Bureau plans to respond with new electronmeasurement services; these services, together with services for other radiation fields, are now under development in a new laboratory (4) containing radiation facilities that are predominantly electron-beam sources and that operate in the radiation-energy range from 10 kev to 200 Mev. These facilities include x-ray machines, an electron dynamitron, electron and positive-ion Van de Graaffs, an electron synchrotron, and a linear electron accelerator (linac). The characteristics of the three most intense electron sources now operating at the laboratory are summarized in Table 2.Facilities of this type are comparable individually with those to be found in industrial, university, and government laboratories, but such a combination, as well as the special attention that has been given to stability and accuracy of the operations, uniquely equips the new laboratory for development of measurements with electron beams.The use of electron beams has been significantly improved during the last 5 years. The improved production of intense and well-resolved electron beams, primarily by the traveling-wave linear accelerator, resulted, for example, in generation at the Bureau in July 1966 of electrons with powers up to 80 kilowatts at 80 Mev and with energy resolutions and stabilities better than 0.05 percent at lower powers (see Fig. 1 ) (5). The NBS accelerator and similar high-inten...

Explores the Total Quality programme adopted by the National Health Service, highlighting the issues which make sustaining the commitment of all staff to quality improvement processes possible. Discusses the tension created by linking quality improvement to reducing quality costs of health care. Outlines the timetabling of strategy development and implementation, and the management of he timetabled process. Reviews key milestones in staff awareness, looking at co‐ordination and management of quality improvement activities; understanding of the design/conformance/corrective action cycle; understanding of the relationship between quality improvement and costs; and sustaining involvement of staff. Suggests that despite concerns from clinicians and managers alike, regarding the pressures involved with implementing TQM, a successful team should improve service to the patient.

Well, in a few years copyright law will cover these situations, won't it? In other words, if we have to supply, say, ten copies each of 100 articles for use in some regulatory deci sion, do we do it? This is a real situation. ROBERT FRASE (National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works):Well, 111 just say that in the future, if the article is copyrighted in the name of the author, this has to be shown somewhere in the article. REYNOLDS:Yes. Otherwise we should make the assumption that the copyright belongs to the publisher and deal with the publisher.

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