The serotonin neurotransmitter system, including the 5-HT(3) receptor, has been implicated in the genesis of fatigue in patients with liver disease. Therefore, we examined the possible role of 5-HT(3) receptors in cholestasis-associated fatigue. Rats were either bile duct resected (BDR) or sham resected and studied 10 days postsurgery. A significant decrease in hypothalamic 5-HT(3) receptor expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in BDR vs sham rats, coupled with increased hypothalamic serotonin turnover identified by an elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) to 5-HT ratio in BDR vs sham rats. To examine fatigue-like behaviour, an activity meter was used. BDR rats exhibited significantly lower locomotor activity than did sham animals. Subcutaneous injection of the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist tropisetron (0.1 mg kg(-1)) resulted in significantly increased locomotor activity in BDR rats compared to the activity in saline-treated controls, but was without effect in sham rats. However, a 10-fold higher dose of tropisetron significantly increased locomotor activity in both BDR and sham rats compared to saline-injected controls. These findings indicate that cholestasis in the rat is associated with increased hypothalamic serotonin turnover, decreased hypothalamic 5-HT(3) receptor expression, and enhanced sensitivity to locomotor activation induced by 5-HT(3) receptor antagonism, thereby implicating the 5-HT(3) receptor system in cholestasis associated fatigue.
This Paper deals with the effect of admixtures on the expansion of concrete prisms caused by alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR). The alkali-reactive aggregates were dolomitic limestones from the Pittsburg quarry, Kingston, ON. Admixtures used included accelerators, retarders, an SNF-type superplasticizer (modified sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate), an air-entraining agent (AEA) and several Li and Ba compounds. The effect of 9% Ca(OH)2 and of 20% silica fume (SF), and the combined effect of both these materials, was also investigated. Expansions smaller than those of controls were shown by prisms containing the accelerators, the retarders, SF, the Li salts at early ages and two of the three Ba salts. Some increases in expansion were shown by prisms containing Ca(OH)2, the superplasticizer, one Li salt and one Ba compound. The AEA had no significant effect on expansion. The effect of admixtures on the expansion of prisms caused by ACR was often different from that of similar admixtures on the expansion of prisms caused by alkali–silica reaction.
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