Perceptions of 680 licensed general and special education teachers and administrators related to the full inclusion of all students, including students with moderate and severe disabilities, were assessed using the Heterogeneous Education Teacher Survey and the Regular Education Initiative Teacher Survey-Revised. Respondents were from 32 school sites judged as providing heterogeneous educational opportunities for all children. Results favored the education of children with disabilities in general education through collaborative relationships among all educators—contradicting previous results suggesting that educators prefer pullout programs. For both general and special educators, administrative support and collaboration were powerful predictors of positive attitudes toward full inclusion.
This study evaluated the effects of consulting teacher service on the reading and math achievement of mildly handicapped children. Results of a four-year comparison of three schools with service and three schools without service indicate significantly greater child achievement gains achieved in the service schools the first year, and that these gains were maintained for the remaining three years of the projects.1
We found no link between duration of surgery with infant SA and scores on academic achievement testing in elementary school. We also found no relationship between infant SA and surgery with VPAA on elementary school testing, although the CIs were wide.
0.1% without serious sequelae. Next, reported local anesthetic doses ranged between 0.49 and 2.29 mg/kg bupivacaine equivalents. This represents a nearly 5-fold variability in clinical practice, and these higher doses could be associated with local anesthetic toxicity. Future investigations are needed to determine optimal local anesthetic doses and indications for TAP blocks in pediatric patients. Comment by Christopher Stemland, MD Disclosure: The author declares no conflict of interest. REFERENCES 1. Sahin L, Sahin M, Gul R, et al. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in children: a randomized comparison with wound infiltration. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2013;30:409-414. 2. Fredrickson MJ, Paine C, Hamill J. Improved analgesia with the ilioinguinal block compared to the transversus abdominis plane block after paediatric inguinal surgery: a prospective randomized trial.S tudies on the neurotoxicity of pediatric anesthesia have been confounded by the inability to separate the need for surgery and any influence of the procedure from the effects of general anesthesia (GA). Spinal anesthesia (SA) is an alternative to GA, and its use in children may help in understanding the potential risk of neurotoxicity of GA. A recent study on elementary school children who had received a single GA during the first year of life found an association in otherwise healthy children between the duration of anesthesia and lower test scores and some with "very poor academic achievement" (VPAA), which was a score less than the fifth percentile on standardized testing. The current study was undertaken to explore the relationship of exposure to SA and surgery to later performance on standardized testing in elementary school.A combined medical and educational database was constructed from the Vermont Infant Spinal Registry (VISR) and the education information maintained by the Vermont Department of Education (VDOE). Data from the VISR database included patient gender, gestational age, postconceptual age at time of surgery, birth weight, weight at time of surgery, and type of surgery (inguinal hernia repair, pyloromotomy, and circumcision). The deidentification of the VDOE data allowed extraction of test results and a student's need for an individual education plan (IEP). A DIMER (deidentified, integrated medical and educational research) database was constructed by combining medical data with education data from the VDOE, all performed at the VDOE offices. Vermont Department of Education matched the names and dates of birth of the patient cohort with preexisting student identification. After matching, an identification number was assigned to the children, and all identifiers were removed from the data to ensure confidentiality. The DIMER database was then used for all analyses. A control cohort of children matched with the exposed population was created by grade, gender, need for free/reduced school lunch (as indicator of socioeconomic status), and year of examination. Three controls were created for each exposed subject. The prima...
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