A field experiment was conducted in Autumn planting season 2018 at the Fields of In section 158 of the district 41 Husseiniya Province of Babylon, to investigate the influence of foliar application of Nano chelate silicon fertilizes (NSF), Nano chelated potato specific fertilizer (NPS) and Nano chelated complete micro(NCM) on growth and yield of potato variety Riviera. Foliar applied at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g or ml of all nanofertilizer types 100 L−1 water or 2 kg nanofertilizers ha−1 (as recommended) dissolved in 400 liters of water ha−1.The experiment included spray of single (NSF), (NPS), (NCM), di (NS+NPS),(NS+NCM),(NPS+NCM), and tri combinations (NS+NPS+ NCM), in addition to control (only water) using RCBD with 3 replicates. Growth and yield parameters tested were chlorophyll, dry matter, vegetative yield, fresh tubers yield, biological yield, starch, crude protein, ascorbic acid, AE(Agronomic efficiency) and WUE (Water use efficiency). The results showed that tri combination (NS+NPS+NCM) spray treatment was significantly higher followed by the di and single spray combinations. Fresh yield, dry tubers, vegetative yield and biological yield were (42.130, 9.327, 2.901 and 12.228 Mg ha−1) respectively, compared with the control (28.440, 5.453, 2.240, and 7.693 Mg ha−1), respectively. Tri combinations (NS+NPS+ NCM) starch content, crude protein and ascorbic acid concentration (vitamin c) were (17.10 %, 9.08% and 185.33 mg kg−1 f.w.), compared with the control treatment (12.22%, 7.79% and 136.33mg kg−1 f.w.).

A field experiment was carried out at the Extension farm in Province 41 of Husseiniya, Babylon Governorate to study the effect of foliar nutrition with some of nano-fertilizers and nano-amino acids on growth and yield of wheat cultivar Adana 99. The experiment included 8 treatments of Nano chelated super fertilizer (NCSF), nano-amino acids (AA), nano potassium K (NK),di (NCSF +NAA),(NCSF +NK), (NAA+NK), tri (NCSF +NAA+NK) and spray with water only as control for comparison with three replicates in a simple one-way experience using RCBD design. A number of growth criteria in plant and yield (quality and quantity) parameters were recorded. Results indicated that significant response is obvious due to spraying of NCSF followed by the spraying combined of di (NCSF +NAA),(NCSF +NK) and (NAA+NK) tri (NCSF +NAA+NK), treatments respectively in all growth and yield parameters of wheat with an increment of the spray foliar (NCSF) of 81.66 cm, 11.88 cm, 51.99 spad, 118.57,32.66,26.33 and 69.43 µg g−1 for plant height, length of spike, total chlorophyll, concentration of Fe, Cu,Zn and Mn in grain respectively compared to control treatment. The same treatment had grain yield and protein of 5.836 Mg ha−1 and 809.93 kg h−1 compared to control, harvest index were in the range (from 35.37 to 44.57 %) for control and tricombination spraying respectively. The highest grain yield and agronomic productivity was achieved when foliar nutrition of tri nano mixture of (NCSF +NAA+NK) (7.036 Mg h−1 and 2570kg kg−1).

The major issues influencing human health in developing countries is the nutrient deficiency in different field crops. Several problems with the low efficiency of using the traditional chemical fertilizers by plants, despite there are more development in agricultural cultivation. Therefore, biofortification with nano-fertilizers and nano-biostimulants have been proposed as potential ways to enrich diets with nutrients. Organic fertilizers confront the issue of extending the duration of nutrient release and decreasing mineral content; however, inorganic fertilizers suffer from volatilization and loss of leaching. Nanotechnology’s application in agriculture has enormous promise to address these issues. The use of nanoparticles in biofortification of wheat is gaining traction due to their capacity to provide the optimal amount of fertilizer at the optimal time, hence reducing environmental concerns, facilitating nutrient uptake and absorption, and increasing grain production and profitability. Wheat is a major field crop that can solve with applying nano-biofortification the problem of malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies in humans. Although numerous research experiments on nano-bio-fortification of wheat plants have been conducted, this review article summarizes the benefits and results of nano-bio-fortification for grain maximization through a comprehensive review of nanomaterials and fertilizers and their effective role in bio-fortification and grain yield maximization. Moreover, current trends in the usage of many nanotechnology-based biofortification methods for wheat production were highlighted. Several methods for wheat improvement, including macro and micronutrient supply, are reviewed in more details. Understanding several features of the safe use of nanoparticles and their future prospects may assist in their effective use in terms of economics and nutritional needs after the usage of nano-fertilizers and nano-biostimulants in biofortification and wheat grain yield maximization.

Plant biostimulants are classified as substances which have increased the positive effects on growth and productivity when applied to plants. Biostimulants are obtained naturally from various economically and environmentally viable sources, The plant biostimulants currently accepted include extracts of seaweed, humic substances (humic acids and fulvic acids), chitin and chitosan derivatives, amino acids, protein hydrolysates and microbes. Seaweed extracts and humic acids are widely studied for their role in plant growth-promotion, Seaweeds have been traditionally used in coastal Europe since time immemorial as fertilizers and soil conditioning agents. Seaweeds belong to Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Ochrophyta. Over the past two decades, seaweeds havebeen processed and marketed as seaweed extracts in various formulations for use in agriculture and horticulture. Seaweed extracts are rich in micro and macronutrients, polysaccharides, proteins, poly unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, phytohormones, and osmolytes. These compounds elicit multiple beneficial effects in plants, including enhanced seed germination and establishment, overall plant growth and productivity, resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses and increased post-harvest shelf lifeNumerous studies of the beneficial effects of seaweed extracts on crop plants and crop production, yield and productivity have been published.

Investigating the effect of urea and nano-nitrogen fertigation and foliar application of nano B and Mo on growth and yield of potato Solanum tuberosum L. [Rivera-A]. The study was conducted in a private farm located in the Al-Taleah area -Babylon governorate. The experiment consisted of (12) treatments consisting of separated fertigation of nano nitrogen (25% N) and urea (46% N), single treatments of leaf spraying of nano Mo (5%), Nano B (9%), nano-binary combinations (Mo+B) and (U+ Nano Mo), (U+Nano B), Nano (N+Mo), Nano (N+B), and tricombination treatments of (U+Mo+B), Nano (N+Mo+B) additional to the control treatment. Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) and one way simple experiment with three replicates.Fertilizers were applied at levels of 40 liters h-1 of Nano-N fertilizer (25% N) and 300 kg h-1 urea fertilizer (46% N). They were sprayed early in the morning after (40) days after planting four times. Two weeks is the period between an application and another according to the recommendation of (1) kg h-1 nano-fertilizer of (B) and (500) g h -1 of Mo. Fertilizers were injected and sprayed at (10, 20, 30 and 40)% of the total amount of the fertilizer were applied as the first, second, third and fourth applications, respectively. Some growth traits were tested including the chlorophyll content in the leaves, the total dry vegetative yild, the soft tubers yield, and the biological yield, proteins and ascorbic acid yield compared to the control (spray water only). The results of the Duncan test showed a significant increase in most of the studied traits of nano-tricombination (N+Mo+B) in the fresh tubers yield, dry vegetative yield , the biological yield, starch yield ,the total protein and ascorbic yield (37.