A THz gyrotron with a pulse magnet has been designed, constructed and operated in FIR FU. It is developed as one of high frequency gyrotrons included in Gyrotron FU Series. The gyrotron has already achieved the first experimental result for high frequency operations whose radiation frequency exceeds 1 THz. In this paper, the design detail and the operation test results for sub-terahertz to terahertz range are described. The second harmonic operation is confirmed experimentally at the expected frequency of 1.005 THz due to TE 6,11 cavity mode at the magnetic field intensity of 19.0 T.
Control of vapor condensation properties is a promising approach to manage a crucial part of energy infrastructure conditions. Heat transfer by vapor condensation on superhydrophobic coatings has garnered attention, because dropwise condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces with rough structures leads to favorable heat-transfer performance. However, pinned condensed water droplets within the rough structure and a high thermodynamic energy barrier for nucleation of superhydrophobic surfaces limit their heat-transfer increase. Recently, slippery liquid-infused surfaces (SLIPS) have been investigated, because of their high water sliding ability and surface smoothness originating from the liquid layer. However, even on SLIPS, condensed water droplets are eventually pinned to degrade their heat-transfer properties after extended use, because the rough base layer is exposed as infused liquid is lost. Herein, we report a liquid-infused smooth surface named "SPLASH" (surface with π electron interaction liquid adsorption, smoothness, and hydrophobicity) to overcome the problems derived from the rough structures in previous approaches to obtain stable, high heat-transfer performance. The SPLASH displayed a maximum condensation heat-transfer coefficient that was 175% higher than that of an uncoated substrate. The SPLASH also showed higher heat-transfer performance and more stable dropwise condensation than superhydrophobic surfaces and SLIPS from the viewpoints of condensed water droplet mobility and the thermodynamic energy barrier for nucleation. The effects of liquid-infused surface roughness and liquid viscosity on condensation heat transfer were investigated to compare heat-transfer performance. This research will aid industrial applications using vapor condensation.
Long pulse operation up to 1 msec of a high frequency gyrotron with a pulse magnet has been successfully carried out in a frequency range including 1 THz. In the experiments, the timing of an electron beam pulse injection is adjusted at the top of the magnetic field pulse, where the variation of field intensity is negligible. The operation cavity modes seem to be TE 1, 12 and TE 4,12 at the second harmonics. The corresponding frequencies are 903 GHz and 1,013 GHz, respectively. Additionally several features of radiation measurement results of the gyrotron are described and brief considerations are presented.
The reaction of bis(acetylacetonato)palladium(II), [Pd(acac)2] with AlR2(OEt) in the presence of tertiary phosphine, L, in diethyl ether yields a series of dialkylpalladium(II) complexes, [PdR2L2], where R=Me, Et, and Prn; L=PEt3, PPh2Me, and 1/2Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 (dpe). These complexes were characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and 1H-NMR spectra and of some decomposition reaction such as thermolysis and acidolysis. The trans- and cis-configurations of [PdMe2L2] (L=PEt3 and PPh2Me, respectively) in solution were established on the basis of the 1H-NMR spectra. The examination of 1H-NMR spectra in the presence of tertiary phosphine suggests the ligand exchange processes promoted by the added phosphine. [PdR2L2] (L=PEt3 and PPh2Me) reacted with CO in toluene to yield the quantitative amounts of the corresponding dialkyl ketones. The reactions of the complexes [PdR2L2] with iodine afforded [PdI2L2] and RI, and of [PdR2(dpe)] with MeI gave CH3H, CH3CH3, R(–H), RH, R·CH3, R·R, and RI together with [PdI2L2], suggesting the presence of a quadrivalent, six-coordinate intermediate palladium species.
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