Sequence comparisons of the genomes of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) strains have identified regions containing variable-length insertions/deletions (i.e. indels). Indel-I and Indel-II, positioned between open reading frames (ORFs) 14/15 and 23/24, respectively, are the largest and the most variable. Here we examined the nature of these 2 indel regions in 313 WSSVinfected Penaeus monodon shrimp collected between 2006 and 2009 from 76 aquaculture ponds in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. In the Indel-I region, 2 WSSV genotypes with deletions of either 5950 or 6031 bp in length compared with that of a reference strain from Thailand (WSSV-TH-96-II) were detected. In the Indel-II region, 4 WSSV genotypes with deletions of 8539, 10 970, 11 049 or 11 866 bp in length compared with that of a reference strain from Taiwan (WSSV-TW) were detected, and the 8539 and 10 970 bp genotypes predominated. Indel-II variants with longer deletions were found to correlate statistically with WSSV-diseased shrimp originating from more intensive farming systems. Like Indel-I lengths, Indel-II lengths also varied based on the Mekong Delta province from which farmed shrimp were collected.KEY WORDS: White spot syndrome virus · Disease status · Farming system · Epidemiology · ORF 14/15 · ORF 23/24Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 99: [153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162] 2012 highly (> 99.5%) conserved (Nadala & Loh 1998, Marks et al. 2004.The 2 major genomic indels are located between open reading frames (ORFs) 14/15 (Indel-I) and 23/24 (Indel-II) of the sequenced Thai strain WSSV-TH-96-I (van Hulten et al. 2001, Marks et al. 2004. Compared with another sequenced Thai strain (WSSV-TH-96-II), WSSV-TH-96-I has a 5.3 kb deletion in Indel-I (Marks et al. 2005) and differs from a strain from Taiwan (WSSV-TW) by possessing a 13.2 kb deletion in Indel-II (Marks et al. 2004). Sequence analyses of these 2 indel regions in other Asian WSSV strains have identified intermediatelength deletions (Dieu et al. 2004, Zwart et al. 2010. For example, WSSV strains from China contain shorter Indel-II deletions (1168 to 5928 bp) compared with WSSV-TW, while strains from Vietnam contain a medium-length Indel-II deletion (~8539 bp) not yet found in strains examined from other geographic regions (Dieu et al. 2004; see also Yang et al. 2001, Lan et al. 2002, Tan & Shi 2011.Indel-I and Indel-II regions are now being used as molecular markers to study WSSV epidemiology (Dieu et al. 2004, Zwart et al. 2010, and Indel-II is proving to be particularly useful for examining the spatiotemporal spread of WSSV at regional (Dieu et al. 2010) and intercontinental levels (Zwart et al. 2010). Data on Indel-II support a hypothesis that all WSSV strains affecting farmed shrimp have a recent common ancestor. This virus presumably circulated in China or Taiwan before spreading to shrimp farms in Vietnam, from there to Thailand (Dieu et al. 2004) and from there to India (Pradeep et al. 2008a)...
Objective: To investigate the current status of pterygium, the relationship between the disease and risk factors from external circumstances and personal factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2021 on elderly people in three rural communes of Khoai Chau district, Hung Yen province. Results: The rate of pterygium in this study was 33.7%, and the prevalence in women was higher than in men. The rates of achieving appropriate knowledge, attitude and practice scores were 25.4%, 87.5% and 29.2%, respectively. People who were regularly exposed to UV rays from the sun had a 2.3 times higher risk of developing pterygium than those with little exposure (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.2 – 4.3). People with frequent exposure to bright light sources were 4.5 times more likely to have pterygium than those with little exposure (OR = 4.5; 95% CI 1.7 -11.8). Conclusion: people, especially the elderly and women need to limit their exposure to risk factors from the outside environment that can cause pterygium by wearing sunglasses and safety glasses. Use artificial tears to clean your eyes regularly. Having periodic eye exams for early detection and timely treatment of pterygium was crucial. Keywords: pterygium; Knowledge, Attitude, Practice; elderly; Hung Yen
Objectives: Pesticides is an indispensable need for agricultura production. This study was conducted to describe the status of knowledge and practice on safety using of pesticides among farmers in Dong Thap province in 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 442 farmers in Dong Thap province, from March to September 2020. Results: The rate of farmers have known that pesticides can cause human disease and environmental pollution were 81.9% and 45.2%, respectively. 20.1%, 79.2%, and 75.3% were the rate of farmer who know that the pesticide poisoned routes were eating, breathing, skin-mucosal contact. The practical of the farmers such as read the manual, checked the sprayer, mixed the medicine according to the instructions, mixed the medicine in the right place, and used the right dose, that were counted 93.7%, 86.4%, 6.6%, 84.4%, and 97.7%, respectively. The percentage of farmers who had practiced correctly about handling excess pesticides, packaging, cleaning and storing sprayers were 78.5%, 15.4%, 90.5% and 89.4%, respectively. The rate of farmers who had used protective equipment while spraying pesticides ranges from 12.7 to 33.0%. Conclusions: The knowledge and practice on safety using of pesticides among farmers were pretty good. However, some fields have been still limited. The communication should be continued to improve the practical properly on using pesticides. Keywords: pesticide, safety using of pesticides, Dong Thap province
Objectives: To determine the percentage of water samples taken from connected water supply stations in Cai Lay District, Tien Giang Province that met the Vietnamese Standards (QCVN 02:2009/BYT) and to determine the factors related to the water quality. Methods: The study used test results of 81 water supply stations collected from the Tien Giang Center for Disease Control in 2020 and compared these with the QCVN 02:2009/BYT. Results: 86.4% of stations had water quality that met QCVN 02:2009/BYT, 90.1% and 96.3% of samples met physicochemical and microbiological criteria. State-owned enterprises had the highest sample rate (100%), followed by the cooperative model (92.3%), the private enterprise model (88.2%), and the cooperative group model (81.0%). Water supply stations with self-inspection of water quality, with correct collection of prescribed prices, with operating models of settling and filtering systems, had better water quality. Conclusions: Water supply facilities should perform self-inspection of water quality and need to have an annual plan for renovation and upgrading of the system, including the installation of settling and filtering systems. The water fee should be raised according to regulations to have reserve funds for investment in construction and repair of water supply systems when they are degraded. Authorities need to take measures to provide technical support, convert inappropriate models, and need to take strict measures against water suppliers that do not comply with regulations. Keywords: Water quality, connected water supply stations, Cai Lay District, Tien Giang
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