We conducted this cross-sectional study among 392 Japanese and 294 Vietnamese mothers who attended routine child health visits in a Japanese city and at a tertiary hospital in Vietnam, in order to investigate the prevalence and associated sociodemographic, parenting, and psychological characteristics of low maternal confidence in child rearing among them. All data were collected from medical files in Japan, and from medical files and self-administered questionnaires in Vietnam. The proportion of mothers without secure feeling of confidence in the present study was 22% in Japan and 66% in Vietnam. Significant factors associated with a lack of confidence were first-time motherhood and unintended pregnancy in the Japanese dataset and younger age in the Vietnamese dataset. In both groups, a higher proportion of mothers who lacked confidence reported negative parenting outcomes than did confident mothers. Among the three psychological measurements (mood, self-efficacy and depression), higher self-efficacy was associated independently with a significantly reduced risk of not having confidence in child rearing. These results suggest the importance of developing parenting support programs to help Japanese and Vietnamese mothers, particularly those who are young, first-time mothers or who became pregnant unexpectedly, improve their self-efficacy.
Unified transient and frequency domain noise simulation of random telegraph noise and flicker noise is conducted using a multiphonon-assisted model that considers tunneling probabilities and energy transitions of discretized traps in the gate insulator of MOSFETs. The proposed model is able to concurrently represent the dynamic behavior of electron and hole trapping and detrapping via interactions with both the Si substrate and Poly-Si gate. The model is implemented in a 3-D device simulator to examine the effect of device structure and bias conditions. The conventional analytical model does not precisely estimate the noise powers in short-channel MOSFETs due to the nonuniform trapped charge effect. The high trap density near the shallow trap isolation edges is predicted quantitatively by comparing the measured data with the simulated data. In conclusion, we confirm the validity of the developed unified simulator and its usefulness for gaining insights into trap sites and noise reduction engineering.Index Terms-Device simulations, flicker noise, random telegraph noise (RTN), trap distribution.
A novel unnatural amino acid, L-3-(3-N-ethylcarbazolyl)alanine, was synthesized and used for synthesis of a chiral dialkylammonium-type amphiphile. The synthetic amphiphile formed a vesicular assembly in aqueous dispersion showing gel-liquid crystalline phase transition around 25 °C. The bilayer membrane composed of the amphiphile was nearly free from excimer as evidenced by fluorescence spectroscopy.
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