An assessment of the nutritive value of palm kernel meal (PKM) and aflatoxin‐contaminated PKM (obtained by fermenting PKM with Aspergillus flavus) as a dietary ingredient in pelleted feed for tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus Peters, was carried out in a 12‐week feeding trial. Seven isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.1 kJ g−1) practical diets were formulated and fed close to apparent satiation to triplicate groups of 12 fish (mean initial weight 8.4 ± 0.1 g). The control diet contained 30% fish meal and 10% soybean meal (SBM) proteins. Four other experimental diets containing 20% and 50% of the SBM protein replaced by either PKM or fermented PKM, respectively, were formulated. Two additional diets containing either PKM or fermented PKM supplemented with a commercial aflatoxin adsorber (0.5% SorbatoxTM) were also formulated. Measured aflatoxin B1 levels in the fermented PKM‐based diets ranged from 75 to 100 µg kg−1 diet. The growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of tilapia fed fermented PKM‐based diets were significantly lower than in fish fed the control diet at all inclusion levels (P < 0.05). Despite a small reduction, weight gains of tilapia fed PKM‐based diets were not significantly different compared with fish fed the control diet. The addition of 0.5% Sorbatox did not produce any beneficial or negative effects to the growth of tilapia. Under the dietary conditions of the present experiment, it was concluded that PKM can substitute up to 50% SBM in practical diets for O. mossambicus without much adverse effect to fish growth. However, when PKM was contaminated with A. flavus, its' incorporation into tilapia diets resulted in growth depression as a result of decreased diet digestibility and also possibly because of the presence of anti‐nutrients found in the contaminated PKM.
The effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) and pyridoxine (B 6 ) on the taurine content of egg yolk and performance of laying hens were investigated. A feeding trial was conducted in nine hundred 31-wk-old Hy-Line ® Brown layers over 4 wk. The hens received 6 dietary treatments: Control, FM 3% supplemented diet (FM 3%), FM 3%+B 6 supplemented diet (FM 3%+B 6 ), FM 6% supplemented diet (FM 6%), FM 6%+B 6 supplemented diet (FM 6%+B 6 ), and synthetic taurine 0.25% supplemented diet (Taurine). Parameters of production were significantly (p<0.05) affected by treatments. The egg production of hens fed FM 3% was the highest and hens fed FM diets were more productive than the Taurine and Control groups. The egg weights of the Taurine group were significantly lower than those of the FM 3% and FM 6% groups, but not significantly different from those of other treatments. The feed intake of the Control group was highest among all groups. The feed conversion ratio of the Control group was higher than in groups receiving other treatments of which FM 6% was the lowest. The broken egg production of the Taurine group was highest, while that of the Control group was lowest among treatments. The taurine content of egg yolk was significantly (p<0.01) increased by supplementation of taurine (64.7%), FM 6%+B 6 (57%), FM 3%+B 6 (32.1%), and FM 6% (16.6%) over a 4 wk average. Sensory evaluation data of the Taurine group showed the highest score in all of the sensory attributes and those of other treatments were not significantly (p<0.05) different. In conclusion, taurine can be enriched in egg yolk by supplementation of 6% FM and B 6 , as well as 0.25% synthetic taurine.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal(FM) and its digests on the performance of broiler chicks and taurine content in broiler meat. A total of 100 broiler chickens were assigned to five dietary treatments; Control, FM diet(FM), NaOH treated FM diet(NaOH FM), -HNO3 treated FM diet(HNO3 FM) and 0.5% synthetic taurine supplemented diet(Taurine). Treated diets were supplemented with FM or FM digests at the level of 5% to the control diet. Treated diets were fed during the last 3wks of 6wks feeding. During the finisher period, weight gain of chicks fed FM treatments tended to decrease in general. Feed intakes of FM and Taurine were significantly lower than the control but were not significantly different from NaOH FM or HNO3 FM. Feed conversion rate(feed intake/gain) of NaOH FM -was significantly higher than those of FM and HNO3 FM but not different from those of the control and Taurine. Taurine content of the control was highest in heart muscle(1482μg/g) followed by leg muscle(778μg/g) and breast muscle(79μg/g). Taurine contents of leg and breast muscle were significantly(P < 0.01) affected by treatments but that of heart muscle was not. Taurine content of Taurine treatments was highest in both leg and breast muscle. Taurine content of leg muscle was increased 170% by Taurine supplementation, 123% by FM supplementation, 122% by NaOH FM supplementation and 63% by HNO3 FM supplementation compared with control. Taurine content of breast muscle of Taurine treatment was 246% higher than the control, but other treatments were not different from the control. In conclusion, supplementation of feather meal at 5% level of broiler diet can enrich taurine content of leg muscle. Chemical treatments of FM were not effective in improving taurine enrichment of broiler meat.
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