Fine structures of the copper oxide clusters involved in catalytic reduction of NO were studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The Extended X-ray absorption fine structural (EXAFS) spectra indicate that about 2.89 nearest oxygen atoms bond to the Cu central atoms with a Cu-O bond distance of 1.96 Å for the oxidized Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst. Reduction of the catalyst in hydrogen at 573 K led to the formation of mainly Cu-Cu (2.54 Å) species with the coordination number (CN) of 2.91. The Cu 4 O 2 clusters in the channels of ZSM-5 observed by EXAFS were formed in the NO reduction process via incorporation of oxygen into the metallic copper matrix with desorption of N 2 . Due to the restricted channel structure of ZSM-5, the Cu 4 O 2 clusters were reduced promptly by CH 4 .
A series of new organic dyes comprising carbazole, iminodibenzyl, and phenothiazine moieties as the electron donors and rhodanine ring as the electron acceptor/anchoring groups were designed and developed for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. HOMO and LUMO energy level tuning was achieved by varying the carbazole, iminodibenzyls and phenothiazine donors. This was evidenced by spectral and electrochemical experiments and density functional theory calculations. Electrochemical studies indicated that the phenothiazine unit was much more effective in lowering the ionization potential than were the iminodibenzyl and carbazole units. The phenothiazine dye shows a solar-energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency (Ș) of 4.87%; the carbazole and iminodibenzyl dyes show Ș of 2.54% and 3.52%, respectively. These findings reveal that using carbazole, iminodibenzyl and phenothiazine donors as light-harvesting sensitizers are promising candidates for dye-sensitized solar cells.
Photocatalytic splitting of seawater with oxalic acid as sacrificial reagents on CuO/TNT and nanosize TiO 2 have been studied. A better H 2 yield (1.26 µmol/g cat.) from photocatalytic splitting of seawater on CuO/TNT is obtained. An economic consideration for electrical power generation with a H 2 -internal combustor fueled with H 2 yielded from photocatalytic splitting of seawater has also been studied. The years of return for the small scale solar-derived power generation system are 3.5.
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