The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term supplementation of fat in the diets on the fatty acid composition, chemical, mechanical, and histological properties of tibial bone. Month-old male Japanese quail were fed a basal diet containing either soybean oil (SBO), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO), chicken fat (CF), or menhaden fish oil (FO) at 50 g/kg of the diet and maintained on these diets for 7 mo. Lipid treatments did not affect body weight, food intake, tibial length, or diameter. The FO diet group had the highest percentage of tibial ash, and both the FO and HSBO significantly increased tibial mineral content compared to those given SBO or CF. The type and amount of fatty acids in the diets had a profound influence on fatty acid composition of lipids in tibial cortical bones. Quail fed FO had the highest concentration of (n-3) fatty acids, and those fed SBO were highest in (n-6) fatty acids. The HSBO diet, containing high level of trans-fatty acids, led to the accumulation of these fatty acids in bone. In quail, long-term supplementation of FO or HSBO increased tibial shear force and shear stress and improved histological cortical thickness and density when compared to those given SBO or CF. These results suggest that long-term exposure to a FO or HSBO diet have a significant beneficial effect on bone metabolism.
Twenty-seven wether lambs were utilized to evaluate select innate immunity and oxidative stress in response to diet and heat stress. Dietary treatments were: (i) control (tall fescue) hay = no Tasco (tradename for the extract of the brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, Acadian Sealants Ltd, Nova Scotia, Canada); (ii) pre-harvest Tasco-Forage-treated hay and (iii) control hay + post-harvest Tasco-EX. Tasco-Forage and Tasco-EX are two forms of the Tasco extract that are either applied to foliage or used for direct feeding, respectively. All lambs were supplemented with soyabean meal and trace mineralized salt. Heat stress was applied for 10 days with measurements obtained at days 0, 4 and 10. A heat x treatment interaction indicated hay with Tasco enhanced monocyte oxidative burst through short duration (p < 0.05) and long duration (p < 0.10) heat stress. Phagocytic activity was influenced by days of heat stress (p < 0.001) and treatment (p = 0.02) with post-harvest Tasco lambs exhibiting the greatest immune enhancement (p < 0.05). Red and white blood cell glutathione peroxidase increased by heat stress day 10 in Tasco lambs. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased and lipid hydroperoxide metabolites minimized (p < 0.01) through long duration heat stress in the pre-harvest Tasco group. Tasco treatment of tall fescue hay prior to harvest appears to provide residual effects on animal antioxidant availability in short-duration heat stress. Tasco supplementation to post-harvest fescue hay enhances immune function and protects against prolonged heat-induced oxidative stress.
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