Carrying on from the work initiated over the I.G.Y. period by the United States glaciological parties at Wilkes (cf. Hollin and Cameron, 1961), members of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions have continued accumulation stake measurements to 80 km. inland on the plateau (lat. 66° 31′ S.) and extended them south 480 km. (to lat. 71° S.). These stake measurements, supplemented by pit data and surface observations, supply a comprehensive account of the accumulation in this region; how it builds up during the year, how it varies from year to year and how it is affected by topography.
ABSTRACT. Carryi n g on from the work ini tiated over th e l. G.Y. p eriod by th e United States g lacio logical parties at Wilkes (cf. H o llin and Came ro n, 196 1), membe rs of th e Australi an National Antarctic R esearc h Exped itions have continued accumulation stake measurem e nts to 80 km. in la nd o n th e p lateau (la t. 66 0 3 1' S. ) a nd extended th e m south 480 km. (to lat. 71 0 S.). Th ese stake m ea surements, supp lem ented by pit data and su r face observa tio ns, supply a compre h ensi ve acco unt of t he accumulation in this region ; how it builds up during the year, h ow it va ri es from ycar to yea r and how it is affec ted by topography. R EsuME.. Continuant le travail co mm e n ce au CO lll'S d e la p e r iodc de l'AG. I. pa r les equipcs g laciol ogiq ues d es E tats-Unis it Wilkes (cf. Z USAMM ENFASSUNG . Anknupfend an di e Untersuc hun ge n US-a merikan iseh e r G la ziologen wa hre nd d es I GJ in Wilkes L and (ve rg!. H olli n and Cameron, 196 1) h aben T eiln ehm er d el' Australian Nati onal Alllarcti c R esea rch Exped it ions M css ungc n an Akkumu lationspege ln bis 80 km la nd einwa rts a uf d em P o lp la teau (Br. 66° 3 1' S) fortge fuhrt und 480 km nach Sliden (bis B r . 7 t 0 S ) a usgede hnt. Diese Messun gen , e rga nzt du rch Beobachtungcn in Schac hten und a uf d el' OberAach e, vermittcln e in umfassend es 13i ld vom Schn eeauftrag d es G e bi e tcs : sein Anwac hsen im J ah rcsab lauf, se in e Schwankungen von Jahr z u Jahr und se ine Abh a ngigk eit vo n d e l' Gestalt d es G e la ndes . P LATEAU T OPOGRAP HYW ilkes is situated o n a rock p en in sul a, 10 m. elevation, at la t. 66° 15'5' S. , lo ng . II O c 31' 5' E . (Fig. I) . From here the ice platea u rises steeply at first then more gradua lly farther in la nd (Fig . 5) ' A satel li te station , S2, is situa ted 80 km . east-so u t h-east of Wi lkes at an elevatio n of 1, 166 m . in lat. 66° 3 1' S., long. 11 2° 12' E.South of station S2 the ice cap continu es to rise to about 1,230 m. at 29 km. so uth , then fa ll s to 880 m. at go km . south. From there the platea u rises gradua ll y but less steep ly to 2,990 m. at 480 km. south of station S2 in lat. 71 ° 00' S. P la teau slopes measured in Igb l and further elevations obtained in Marc h 1962 indi cate that the Budd Coast has a hig h region with a centra l dom e over 1,500 m. in elevation a t abo ut lat. 66° 33' S. , long. 11 3° 00' E.To the south of th is high region th ere is a low region less than 900 m. in eleva tion ex tending from the Totten G lacier to the V a nderJorcl a nd Jo hn Quincy Adams G laciers. Seismic soun dings indicate that the bedrock surface reaches 3, 200 m . below sea-l evel in this region (Jewel l, un pub lish ed ) .I t wi ll be seen that this topograph ical depression h as a marked inAuen ce on the acc umula tion in the region. STAKE SYSTEMS AND M EASUREMENTS W£lkes local areaIn November Ig57 a set of more than 35 sta kes was placed from th e rock pen in ula coast, up over the steep ice ram p to about 13 km . inla nd on th e p late...
A commonly accepted distinction between snow-patches and glaciers is the slow mass movement of the latter with consequent abrasion of stones and rock surfaces. However, the observations of some workers do not support this distinction. The present study, in a snow-patch area on Mount Twynam in the Snowy Mountains (Australia), presents positive evidence of slow mass sliding of snow, causing transport, abrasion and detachment of stones and abrasion of the bedrock surface. Consequently, no sharp separation is possible between the erosional effects of snow-patches and small cirque glaciers. In areas such as the Snowy Mountains the relative importance of glacial and nivational processes becomes more difficult to evaluate.
ABSTRACT. A commonly accepted distinction be tween snow-patches a nd g laciers is the slow mass movem ent of the latter w ith consequent abrasion of stones and rock surfaces. Howeve r, the observations of some workers do not support this distinction . Th e present stud y. ill a snow-patch area on Mount Twy nam in the Snowy Mountains (Australia), presents positive eviden ce of slow mass sliding of snow, causing transport, abrasion and detachment of stones and abras ion of the b edrock surface. Consequentl y, no sharp separation is possible b e tween the erosional efrects of snow-patches and small cirque g laciers. In areas such as the Snowy Mountains th e relative impo rtan ce of glacia l and n ivati ona l procC"sses becomes more difficult to evaluate. R EsUME. Une distinction d ' usage couran t entre les plaques de neige e t les glaciers tient dans le mouvem ent d'ensemble lent d e ces d erniers et dans l'abrasion des pi errcs e t d es surfaces roch euses qui e n resu lte. Cependant, les observations de que lqu es travaill eurs n'adn1("lt ent pas ce lte d iffere ntiation.L ' etude actuclle d ' un e plaque d e neige sur le Mont T wynam dans les Snowy Mountains (Australi e) offre l'evidence absolue d ' un g lissem c nt lent d e la neige dan s la masse, qui est responsable du transport, d e l'a brasion et de l'arrachem ent d es pi erres, a in si qu e d e l'abrasion des su rfaces rocheuses. Par consequent, on ne peut differe ncier nettemel1lles e ffe ts de l'e rosion clu e aux p laques d e ne ige cl e ceux cle l'erosion produite p a r les petits glaciers de cirque. Dans les r egions t(" lI es qu e les Snowy M o unt a ins, l'importance r elati ve d es process us glaciaires et nivaux d ev ient plus diffici le it evaluer.ZUSAMMENFASSUNI1. Nach a ll gem e in e r Annahmc g ilt, dass sich Gletscher vo n FirnA ecken clurch ihre langsame M asse nbewegung untcrsch ciden , weleh e d ie Abrasion von S te in en unci FelsoberAachen zur Folge hat. Diese Untersch eidung wurd e .iedoch durch d ie Beobachtungen e ini gC"l" Forscher in Frage gestell t.Die vorii egend e U ntersuchung , di e an FirnA ecken im Gcbi et des Mount Twyna m in d en Snowy M ounta ins (Austra li en ) durchgefu hrt w urd e, erga b klare An ze ich en von la ngsamem Gleiten d er Schneemassen , das V eriage rung , Abrasion unci Los losung vo n Steinen sowie Abrasion cl es F e ls unt ergruncles bew irkte. Eine scharfe Trennung d er Eros ionswirkun gen von FirnA eckcn unci klein en K a rg le tsch e rn ist clah er unmoglich. Die relative Bedeutung glaz iak r unci nivalc r Vorgange liiss t sich in G cbi cte n wie clen Snowy Mountains nur schwer ermitte/n. HISTORICAL I NTRODUCTION
Precise navigation upon the ice-cap depends largely upon the accurate steering of a chosen course. This operation can be rendered difficult by three major problems commonly faced by Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. First, the absence of topographic features as points of reference; secondly, the loss of precision of the magnetic compass inside a moving vehicle and in areas adjacent to the Magnetic Pole; thirdly, the dependence of the astro-compass and similar instruments upon an unobscured Sun.A simple method by which these difficulties are overcome was tested and found satisfactory during an inland traverse from Wilkes Station in November–December 1960 into an area not previously explored by land. The principle of this method is the use of a periscope-like arrangement of mirrors combined with a suitable sighting system to enable the driver to use his track astern to steer a straight course ahead.The original device was installed upon a vehicle (a ‘Weasel’), already fitted with an astro-compass and a magnetic compass in order to function as the navigation vehicle of the train. The rear vision mirror taken from a ‘Traxcavator’ was used as the main ‘Track mirror’. It was pivoted at its centre point through the shorter axis. The mirror was mounted on a frame of two half-inch steel pipes bolted on to the vertical wall of the well between the windscreen and the forward hatch of the Weasel.
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