Laser-induced damage in beta-barium metaborate (BBO) has been investigated at the wavelengths of 1064, 532, and 355 nm. The single-shot bulk damage threshold of BBO is 50 GW/cm2 at 1064 nm, 48 GW/cm2 at 532 nm, and 25 GW/cm2 at 355 nm. Damage by multiple pulse irradiation has also been studied and the probabilistic nature of the damage is discussed. Brief comments are also made on the morphology of the damage.
We have measured extensive air showers with primary energies above 6 TeV at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia. The data were collected by an air shower array called the Minimum Air Shower (MAS) array starting in 2000 March. We applied an equi-intensity analysis method to the extensive air showers extended over the region of their maximum development. We varied the mixture of protons and iron in our simulations and compared these to the data to determine the mixing ratio of protons as a function of the primary energy. Using this, we derived the primary energy spectrum from 10 14 to 5 ; 10 16 eV. Consequently, we conclude that the power-law index of the spectrum changes gradually around 10 15.5 eV and that the obtained proton ratio decreases with increasing energy. We directly measured the longitudinal development of air showers generated by primaries with energies around the knee. We found that the average mass number of primary cosmic rays shows a steady increase with energy above 10 14.5 eV and that the dominant component around the knee is not protons.
To date, various connection rerouting methods for connection-oriented mobile networks have been proposed. The previous methods, however, are limited to specific topologies or environments. In this paper, we propose the connection-information-based rerouting widely applicable to various connection-oriented mobile networks. This method requires neither a specific topology nor a complex connection, enables fast rerouting, provides appropriate route optimality, and can be extended easily.
We report the first measurement of the linear electro-optic coefficients of crystalline barium metaborate. The largest electro-optic coefficient r22 was found to be 2.5 pm/V, about four times smaller than the r63 of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The dispersion of the electro-optic coefficient was also measured and found to be in excellent agreement with predicted values using the anharmonic oscillator model. Implications of the result on the point group symmetry of barium metaborate are also discussed.
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