Sontakke and Singh ( The Holocene 6, 315—31, 1996) developed instrumental period summer monsoon (June—September total) rainfall series (1813—1995) for six homogeneous zones and all of India using 306 raingauge stations. This reconstruction has been revised and updated. Besides reconstructing backward and updating to 2005 the longest possible summer monsoon rainfall series (1813—2005), post-monsoon (October— December total) and annual rainfall series have also been developed for seven homogeneous zones: North Mountainous India (NMI), Northwest India (NWI), North Central India (NCI), Northeast India (NEI), West Peninsular India (WPI), East Peninsular India (EPI), South Peninsular India (SPI), and the whole country using data from 316 well-spread stations. The different series are reported here. The underlying mechanism of the possible cause of the recent decreasing trend in monsoon rainfall and increasing trend in post-monsoon rainfall is described.

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Ever increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are one of the most dominant factors for long-term changes in the tropospheric temperature variations. To study this fact in the wake of changing global climatic scenario, linear trends in surface temperature and the tropospheric temperatures at five selected isobaric levels (850, 700, 500, 200, and 150 hPa) were examined for the period 1971-2015 across India. The mean monthly temperature data for well-spread 19 radiosonde stations across India were used to examine the seasonal and annual temperature trends for all India, North India (latitude > 22°N), and South India (latitude < 22°N). Increasing trend in annual temperatures was observed from surface to 500 hPa levels but decreasing from 200 to 150 hPa over South India, whereas North India shows an increasing trend at all the levels. The highest increasing trends of 0.36°C and 0.27°C/decade were observed at 700 hPa over North and South India during the winter season, respectively.

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