<span>Due to the evaluation of mobile devices and applications in the current decade, a new direction for wireless networks has emerged. The general consensus about the future 5G network is that the following should be taken into account; the purpose of thousand-fold system capacity, hundredfold energy efficiency, lower latency, and smooth connectivity. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), as well as the Millimeter wave (mm Wave) have been considered in the ultra-dense cellular network (UDN), because they are viewed as the emergent solution for the next generations of communication. This article focuses on evaluating and discussing the performance of mm Wave massive MIMO for ultra-dense network, which is one of the major technologies for the 5G wireless network. More so, the energy efficiencies of two kinds of architectures for wireless backhaul networks were investigated and compared in this article. The results of the simulation revealed some points that should be considered during the deployment of small cells in the two architectures UDN with backhaul network capacity and backhaul energy efficiency, that the changing the frequency bands in Distribution approach gives the same energy efficiency reached to 600 Mb/s at 15 nodes while the Conventional approach results reached less than 100 Mb/s at the same number of nodes.</span>
Narrow linewidth light lasers are critical for many applications including quantum computing, spectroscopy, and sensing. Stimulated Brillouin scattering is a promising approach to realize highly coherent light laser emission. Here we report demonstration of a pulsed Brillouin erbium fiber laser (BEFL) operating at kHz regime. The BEFL operates at 1550.1 nm, which is upshifted by 0.09 nm from the Brillouin pump wavelength as the erbium-doped fiber was pumped above the threshold of 24.8 mW. It has a peak power of −8.4 dBm with a side-mode suppression ratio of 32 dB at 980 nm pump power of 70.5 mW. At 24.8 mW pump, the BEFL produced a pulse train operating at 12.57 kHz due to the inherent instability in relaxation oscillation, which causes the nonlinear self-pulsing mechanism in the BEFL cavity. The pulse rate increased to 77.11 kHz. As the pump power is raised to 36.2 mW. However, the more than one pulses were generated as the pump power is further increased. This is the first demonstration of a stable kHz pulse generation in BEFL cavity. The laser system is simple, compact and in all-fiber configuration.
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