miento armada que dio inicio en 1910 como una autentica revoluci6n social con contenido de clase, caracterizandola como popular, agraria y espontanea, por lo cual condujo a una violenta confrontaci6n entre los campesinos y los terratenientes. Desde esta perspectiva, el regimen surgido de la revoluci6n represent6 un cambio radical por su caracter reformista, nacionalista que, pese a regresiones y traiciones, culmin6 con un cambio sustantivo en comparaci6n con el porfiriato.1 Estas Secuencia, nueva epoca L a naturaleza de la relaci6n entre la clase politica y el empresariado ha sido motivo de multiples analisis por su impacto en el desarrollo de la elite econ6mica. En el caso mexicano, la indagaci6n cobra especial relevancia cuando queremos explorar que sucedi6 con ella durante la transici6n del porfiriato a la revoluci6n. La historiografia ortodoxa -tanto de la primera generaci6n, constituida por coetaneos y participantes, como de la profesionalizada segunda generaci6n-concibi6 al porfiriato coma un regimen autoritario, opresivo y extranjerizante, y contempl6 al moviEn este ensayo se analizan las razones de la permanencia del empresariado en la transici6n a la revoluci6n, asf como sus caracterfsticas y la continuidad de la politizaci6n de los negocios -derivadas de la calidad del marco institucional y de las condiciones del mercado nacional-a partir de la presentaci6n y discusi6n de la historiografia dedicada a los hombres de negocios en el periodo prey posrevolucionario.
We read with interest the recent article by Collado et al. (1) on the recurrence of spasticity after tibial neurotomy observed in 4 cases. Although the methodology of the study is controversial (e.g. how many patients undergoing neurotomy were followed?), we agree that precise information about the longlasting effects of our treatment is essential, especially in the rehabilitation field. Most of all, we think that the term "recurrence of spasticity" is inappropriate. The term "deformity recurrence" (the exact term used by Berard in the article cited by Collado et al.) would be more appropriate, as the recurrence observed by Collado et al. is probably not related to spasticity but to pathological motor activation pattern and musculo-tendinous retraction. Several facts lead us to this conclusion.First, spasticity is usually defined as a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex (2). Neurotomy results in a section of the afferent fibres mediating the spastic monosynaptic reflex arc, leading to reduction of spasticity and osteo-tendinous reflex and clonus disappearance. The long-lasting effect of neurotomy to reduce the monosynaptic reflex arc has been demonstrated in 3 studies by means of H max /M max ratio permanent reduction, with a mean follow-up of 5 months, 24 months and 29 months, respectively (3-5). The related functional improvement obtained after neurotomy has been confirmed in a multicentre study with a mean followup of 10 months (6). Neurotomy also results in sectioning of the efferent motor fibres, which is responsible for a transient muscle weakness. Such weakness recovers thanks to collateral re-innervation, which is correlated with the return of the Mmax amplitude (corresponding to the sum of the motor units) to baseline value 8 months after the neurotomy (5). The recovery of the voluntary (and involuntary) muscle strength explains the recurrence of the pathological motor activation pattern, which is sometimes implicated in the equinovarus deformity. This also explains the recurrence of deformity after neurotomy in the case of dystonic patterns that are not related to an increase in tonic stretch.Secondly, Collado et al. evaluated triceps spasticity with the Ashworth scale (all the patients were graded Ashworth 3 or 4). Although the Ashworth scale is commonly used in the literature, it is confounded by contracture, as increased resistance to movement is not exclusively dependent on stretch reflex activity, but is also due to increased stiffness as a result of contracture. The Tardieu scale seems more appropriate, especially to evaluate triceps spasticity (7). Moreover, all the patients had ankle dorsal flexion limitation in the pre-operative evaluation (ranging from -5° to -35°), which had worsened in the post-operative evaluation (ranging from -10° to -45°) leading to the suggestion that the triceps muscle shortening noted before the neurotomy is enhanc...
Access to Essential Medicines; [citado el 15 de enero del 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.msfaccess.org/sites/ default/files/MSf_assets/HIV_AIDS/Docs/AIDS_Letter_ MSftoGatesStavudineTDfclinicaltrial_ENG_2011.pdf 3. The Rebecca Project for Human Rights. Non-Consensual research in Africa. The outsourcing of Tuskegee [Internet]. Washington, DC: The Rebecca Project for Human Rights; c2012 [citado el 15 de enero del 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.rebeccaproject.org/images/stories/files/ NonConsensualResearch20110913_1.pdf 4. Pharmalot. Galxo is fined in Argentina [Internet]. Hamilton, NJ: PharmaLive.com; c2012 [citado el 15 de enero del 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.pharmalot.com/2012/01/ glaxo-is-fined-for-vaccine-trials-in-argentina/ 5. Rossi f. Tenofovir de Gilead; Estudios clínicos no éticos, licencias voluntarias al Patent Pool y la campaña "tratamiento como prevención". fármacos. 2012;15(1):32-3. 6. Elliot C. The deadly corruption of clinical trials [Internet]. San francisco, CA: Mother Jones; c2012 [citado el 15 de enero del 2012]. Disponible en: http://motherjones.com/print/71606 7. Elliot C. What happens when profit margins drive clinical research? [Internet]. San francisco, CA: Mother Jones; c2012 [citado el 15 de enero del 2012]. Disponible en: http://motherjones.com/environment/2010/09/clinical-trialscontact-research-organizations 8 Wolston M. Was my doctor loyal to me, or to the drug companies?. Washington, DC: The Washington Post Company [citado el 15 de enero del 2012]; c1996-2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/healthscience/was-my-doctor-loyal-to-me-or-to-the-drugcompanies/2011/11/15/gIQAZG4j4O_story_2.html
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