There is increasing concern about welfare of laying hens in cages, and one aspect of this topic relates to bone fragility. Therefore, bone anabolic components such as bovine lactoferrin (bLF) may be an effective strategy to maintain the integrity and health of bones. A total of 1080 eggs were divided into four groups with three replicates, each comprising 270 eggs; (1) control group was injected with 100 μl of normal saline per egg; (2, 3 and 4) groups including 22.5 (low), 45 (medium) and 67.5 µg (high) of bLF in 100 µl of normal saline per egg. Eggs were incubated and after hatching, chicks were reared to 28 weeks of age. Tibia measurements were obtained at hatch and at 28 weeks of age. Tibia weight at hatch, was not influenced by in ovo injection of bLF in comparison with the control. Eggs injected with the high concentration of bLF (67.5 µg of bLF per egg) showed significant strengthening in laying-hen tibias at 28 weeks of age, as measured by ultimate force and bending stress, compared with the control. Egg weights from hens treated with this concentration of bLF were also significantly greater than the control. Our data suggest that tibia cortical thickness is a suitable variable for evaluating bone status reflecting bone integrity and strength. The present study also shows that bLF (67.5 µg of bLF per egg) injected into layer breeder eggs before incubation can be used to improve bone strength and egg weight of laying hens at 28 weeks of age, while having no detrimental effect on embryo hatchability.
Saki, A.. 2009. Protein pattern and urease activity of two types of soybean meal on protein digestibility and chicken performance. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 35: 45-48. The experiment was conducted on extracted (ES) and mechanical soybean meal (MS) in broiler chicken feeding. Three hundred fifty two day old Lohman chickens were placed in four treatments by 4 replicates with 22 chickens in each. Treatments included: 25 or 35% of E S or MS. Higher fiber, fat and gross energy content were obtained in M S than ES. Protein patterns observed by SDS-PAGE showed differences that indicated the specific proteins in E S compared with MS. M E , AMEn, TME and TMEn were reduced (p<0.05) in M S compared to ES. Feed intake was increased (p~0.05) in starter period (21 d) by ES treatments in comparison to MS treatments. Body weight was (P<0.05) higher in 25% ES in comparison to 25 and 35% M S in grower period (42 d). Feed conversion ratio was improued by 25% of ES compared with 35% of ES treatment (P<0.05) i n 21 d. Urease activity (UA) in E S was lower than in MS. It is concluded that ES, as compared to MS, improved broiler performance.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of yellow-seeded rapeseed meal (YRSM). In the first experiment nutrient retention was recorded by 48 Arbor Acres-broiler chickens (28-d old) to determine AMEn (nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy), coefficient of apparent protein digestibility based on ileal digesta nitrogen, excreta nitrogen and uric acid nitrogen. The second experiment was carried out with 304 Arbor Acres-broiler chickens to compare effects of SBM (soybean meal) and YRSM on performance, carcass and digestive tract status. In the control treatment, SBM was replaced by graded levels of YRSM at 15, 22.5 and 30% of diet. Digestibility of YRSM protein was significantly lower (p<0.001) than SBM protein. The protein digestibility based on ileal measurement was significantly higher (p<0.001) than protein digestibility from excreta samples. There was no significant difference (p>0.001) between ileal and excreta digestibility of protein based on uric acid. AMEn as a fraction of gross energy was 0.54 in SBM and 0.45 in YRSM. With the exception of 30% YRSM, other YRSM treatments resulted in major effects on length and weight of the gastrointestinal tract. The results of this study have shown no adverse effect on performance as well as protein digestibility and energy value in response to replacement of SBM by YRSM with the exception of 22.5 and 30% YRSM.
A broiler chick bioassay was carried out with forty eight -day-old Arian-broiler chickens to study the e ect of site sampling on metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid digestibility. The test diet contained corn and soybean meal as the major ingredients. Three next treatments were formulated to contain barley, wheat and wheat screening as the test ingredients at a level of in the test diet. Chromic oxide was included in all diets as an indigestible marker. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) based on excreta were significantly higher ( . ) than ileal AME and AMEn in barley. With the exception of histidine, digestibilities of amino acids based on excreta were numerically higher than the ileal value. Significant di erences between ileal and excreta-based digestibility of aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, lysine, valine and methionine indicating on a net catabolism of these amino acids in the large intestine. The current study suggests that determination of amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy based on excreta collection will overestimate amino acid and energy availabilities in all test ingredients.: amino acids digestibility, energy value, excreta, ileal also appeared that microbial activity in the hind gut of broiler chickens is an important factor on catabolism and Cereal grains have been planted as specially crops in anabolism of amino acids (Kadim ). On the many years for human consumption, consequently considother hand di erences between amino acid digestibility in erable amounts of cereal grains and their by-products are ileum and excreta could be related to ingredient quality available for animal feeding and production. Therefore, and quantity. For example low quality diet may leads to the nutritional value of these products should be asundigested amino acids and consequently associated by certained for livestock. The formulation poultry diet large di erences between ileal and excreta digestibility. relies on matching nutrient requirements with composiTherefore this study was designed to compare ileal and tion of dietary ingredients with attention to nutrient availexcreta digestibility of amino acids in barley, wheat and ability. All diet components are important in formulation wheat screening in Iran conditions. of poultry diets but critical attention should be made to the dietary amino acids because the control of protein status and digestible amino acids have been shown to increase weight gain, feed intake and improve body comIn the present study, the physical status of wheat screenposition in broilers (Fernandez ; Rostagno ing was tested by wild seed mixer (Local-traditional in-; Taherkhani ). Finally, diets forstrument). Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable mulated on a digestible amino acid basis o er economic energy was determined according to the method of benefits (Rostagno ). It is suggested that Newkirk ( ) using male chicken raised to days analysis of ileal contents rather than excreta may be a of age. After days, ...
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