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The detailed redox behaviour of copper-saccharin (Cu-sac) complex was examined using the cyclic voltammetric technique. It was found that the adsorption process suppresses the Faradaic process of the Cu-sac complex. The effect of the introduction of secondary ligands such as 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), pyridine (py) and bypyridine (bp) on the redox behaviour of the Cu-sac complex in aqueous solution was studied where these ligands contribute on the charge-transfer kinetics of the complex. The heterogeneous charge transfer rate constants are found to follow the order Cu(NO 3) 2 > Cu-sac-bp > Cu-sac > Cu-sac-phen > Cu-sac-py.

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Rats were kept in social isolation for one year after weaning and then tested for their performance in maze-learning and visual discrimination tests. In both tests their performance was poorer than that of controls which were raised socially after weaning. Their learning ability, however, seemed to have remained unaffected. After the learning tests were over, the animals were sacrificed and their brains analyzed for cellularity (DNA, protein), myelination (cholesterol) and synaptic development (gangliosides). The brains of the environmentally deprived rats had normal cell number and cell size but were significantly deficient in myelin and synaptic population. We propose that the poor learning performance of the socially isolated animals could be attributable to decreased myelination and synaptogenesis in their brain. The results also indicate that such social isolation is synonymous with malnutrition in affecting the psychoneural development of the brain.