Experiments were performed investigating citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) as a repellent to honeybee Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Egypt, it was conducted in laboratory in the Department of Entomology and Pesticides Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, to check long-term survival of honeybee when exposed to different nano insecticides alone or combined with citronella at the same examination box for each. In this study, we used a modeling approach regarding survival data of caged worker bees under chronic exposure to four insecticides (Chloropyrophos, Nano-chloropyrophos Imidacloprid, Nano-Imidacloprid) each of them was supplemented in a box alone and in combination with citronella. Having three replicates and five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). Laboratory bioassay of these insecticides showed that chloropyrophos and nano chloropyrophos were the most toxic at their high dose (500 ppm) with LT50 of 120.98 and 122.02 followed by 132.14 and 136.5 minutes for Imidacloprid and Nano-Imidacloprid, respectively. No consumption occurred by bees to mixed sugar syrup with insecticides in all treatments when citronella was added. These data highly recommended that adding citronella is very effective when nicotinoid pesticides are used to longevity honeybee life and keep bee safe.
Acute pesticide poisoning is an important public health problem worldwide and accounts for a significant number of deaths occurring each year. The present article aimed to investigate toxic effects of imidacloprid (IMD) nanoemulsion formulated using ultrasound dispersion technique, and characterized using FTIR, TEM anddynamic light scattering in adult rats. The synthesized Nano-emulsion droplets are mainly spherical in shape and their sizes ranged between (19nm –128 nm) with zeta potential of −38.8± 0.mV. Also, The median lethal dose (LD50) of nano imidacloprid in rats was 39 mg/kg body weight. Administration of different doses of 3, 1.4 and 0.8 mg.kg mg/kg b.wt. of IMD Nano emulsion to rats for 21 days, adversely affects the body weight and weight gain, and resulted in a significant increase in serum serum ALT, AST activities , glucose, Creatinine, urea and cholesterol concentrations, as well as reduced serum total proteins, Albumin and globulin as compared to control rats. The results clearly suggest that treatment with IMD nanoemulsion adversely affects the liver & kidney functions which confirmed by the histopathological findings. Nanoemulsion form and also increases the DNA damage as confirmed by the comet test
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