The technique for interchanging generator and detector in the impedance measurement of microwave one-ports is a useful, known procedure often applied when low powers are indicated. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of such measurements are critically examined and direct extensions of this technique to similar measurements of reciprocal two-ports are given.A completely separate analysis is necessary when such an interchange is made in the case of an interference bridge to be used for the determination of the scattering parameters of general (active or passive and reciprocal or nonreciprocal) two-ports.This analysis is presented in detail. It results in a new low-power-level version of a method of measuring general two-ports given in an earlier paperý 5 The measurement technique and the subsequent data analysis of the two versions are found to be identical, except that the two scattering parameters S 12 and S 21 appear in interchanged positions.
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